An Overview of Progress in the International Regulation of the Pharmaceutical Industry

[Excerpt] “The pharmaceutical industry, a significant source of healthcare throughout the world, has several features that distinguish it from the rest of the health industry. In the last half-century, new technology, better technological know-how, and overall economic growth have led to widespread and rapid growth in the pharmaceutical sector. Advancements in pharmaceutical research and development have led to the production of drugs that can routinely combat afflictions that, only years ago, were untreatable or even fatal. Since 1970, the average share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on pharmaceutical goods has increased in most Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries by approximately 50%, meaning that pharmaceutical expenditure has increased on average 1.5% more per year than GDP growth. Given that access to health care is fundamental to developed society and that pharmaceutical goods are a significant source of healthcare, drugs should be accessible to everyone across the world. However, universal accessibility to drugs is not an easy feat. As nations work with their pharmaceutical industries to provide the best possible access to drugs, they must do so on limited budgets and while maintaining proper incentives for pharmaceutical companies to continue to innovate. These conflicting objectives are problems unique to the pharmaceutical industry and critical to its successful future. In the European Union (EU), major steps are being made to balance these objectives through the establishment of a Single Market for Pharmaceuticals. As stated in a Commission Communication on the single market in pharmaceuticals, “The purpose of the completion of the Single Market in Pharmaceuticals is not just to provide an environment which is favorable for pharmaceutical innovation and industrial development, it is also to improve consumer choices in pharmaceuticals of the required quality, safety and efficacy, at an affordable cost.” The aim of this note is to present an overview of the major factors that are currently shaping and effecting international trade in the international pharmaceutical industry, and of how these factors contribute to the EU\u27s progression towards a single market. Through outlining the present status of the industry, we hope to facilitate the making of future decisions to reach a better balance between industry innovation and healthcare accessibility.

Harvard University: Opportunities Provided for Religious Worship, Instruction, and Fellowship 1902-03

Booklet concerning religious worship, instruction, and fellowship at Harvard University

Harvard University: Rules Relating to College Studies 1902-03

Booklet describing rules related to college studies at Harvard University

Harvard University Commencement Program, 1904

One page program from Harvard University for the 1904 Commencement program. This document is entirely in Latin.https://commons.clarku.edu/education/1011/thumbnail.jp

Harvard University: Committee on the Regulation of Athletic Sports 1903-04

Booklet concerning the committee on the regulation of athletic sports at Harvard University

Diploma, Harvard University, S.T.B, 1904

Earl Clement Davis earned his Bachelor of Sacred Theology, or S.T.B., degree from Harvard in 1904. The S.T.B. degree was the principle degree preparation for persons pursuing ministerial careershttps://commons.clarku.edu/education/1000/thumbnail.jp

Why are some people (and countries) more protectionist than others?

We analyze two cross-country data sets that contain information on attitudes toward trade as well as a broad range of socio-demographic and other indicators. We find that pro-trade preferences are significantly and robustly correlated with an individual's level of human capital, in the manner predicted by the factor endowments model. Preferences over trade are also correlated with the trade exposure of the sector in which an individual is employed: individuals in nontraded sectors tend to be the most pro-trade, while individuals in sectors with a revealed comparative disadvantage are the most protectionist. Third, an individual's relative economic status has a very strong positive association with pro-trade attitudes. Finally, non-economic determinants, in the form of values, identities, and attachments, play an important role in explaining the variation in preferences over trade. High degrees of neighborhood attachment and nationalism/patriotism are associated with protectionist tendencies.trade preferences, attitudes toward trade

Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University.

no. 51-61 1917-2

Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University.

no. 91-100 1930-3