Guia da Unidade Ambiental da Epagri de Itajaí

Esta publicação apresenta as ações de pesquisa, extensão e educação na área de meio ambiente, disponibilizadas na Unidade Ambiental da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina/Estação Experimental  de Itajaí, com ênfase na recuperação das Áreas de Preservação Permanente, como a mata ciliar e a reserva legal. A Unidade Ambiental é um instrumento multidisciplinar disponibilizado pela Epagri à sociedade, para promoção da educação em todos os níveis. A obra, apresentada com 39 ilustrações (o que propicia ao leitor melhor compreensão do conteúdo, isto é, da relação de interdependência do homem com a natureza), é dedicada a técnicos, professores, estudantes de ciências agrárias e biológicas, empresários, jovens, crianças e todos amantes da natureza que entendem a preocupação e a importância da recuperação e manutenção de nossa vegetação nativa para o ambiente rural e urbano.

SCS374 Litorânea: novo cultivar de alface lisa selecionado no sistema orgânico de produção

The lettuce cultivar SC374 Litorânea results from a long study of the cultivar Empasc 357 Litoral. Since 2008, under organic management system, researchers from Epagri assessed and selected lettuce strains presenting higher yield, flavor, physiological quality, early bolting, and diseases tolerance. Experiments were conducted in the Itajaí Experimental Station of Epagri. Additionally, representative farmers and vegetable producers were selected to evaluate promissory strains. Concluding the study, the cultivar SCS374 Litorânea was selected, presenting in average plants with 40cm of diameter, 312 grams of weight, 44 leaves per plant and 7 days of early bolting tolerance and less susceptibility to downy mildew, when compared with other cultivars. SCS374 Litorânea has been registered (RNC 36084) in the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA).O cultivar de alface SCS374 Litorânea é resultante de um prolongado trabalho de seleção de plantas de alface do cultivar Empasc 357 (Litoral), realizado dentro do sistema orgânico de cultivo. O trabalho de seleção iniciou em 2008 com o objetivo de obter plantas mais produtivas, pendoamento tardio e menor suscetibilidade às doenças foliares. O trabalho de avaliação foi realizado na área de pesquisa em hortaliças da Epagri de Itajaí e também em propriedades rurais de tradicionais produtores de alface em sistema orgânico de produção do Litoral e Vale do Itajaí, em Santa Catarina. O cultivar SCS374 Litorânea destacou-se por apresentar peso médio e diâmetro da cabeça de 312g e 40cm, respectivamente, número médio de 44 folhas por planta, sete dias a mais para iniciar o pendoamento e menor suscetibilidade ao míldio. O cultivar SCS374 Litorânea destacou-se em praticamente todas as características avaliadas, sendo por esse motivo inscrito no Registro Nacional de Cultivares, junto ao MAPA, sob a inscrição n. 36084

Novo cultivar de tomate: SCS375 Kaiçara

Tomato is one of the most produced and consumed vegetables in Brazil and in the world. Brazil is the eighth largest producer in the world and Santa Catarina is the seventh national producer, making the culture an activity of great economic and social importance. In the last decades, the production of tomatoes is going through transformations. The seeds of open pollinated cultivars are being replaced by hybrid seeds, which makes it impossible for producers to obtain their own seeds, making them dependent on external purchase. The national legislation for organic production guides the seeds used in the production process to come from organic production systems and from open pollinated cultivars. To meet this demand, researchers from the Epagri Vegetable Research Program began evaluating 57 open-pollinated tomato accessions obtained from tomato producers in 2003, evaluating productivity, pest and disease incidence, and fruit quality. After completing the process, the cultivar SCS375 Kaiçara was selected, presenting the desirable characteristics of the market.O tomate é uma das hortaliças mais produzidas e consumidas no Brasil e no mundo. O Brasil é o oitavo produtor mundial e Santa Catarina, o 7o produtor nacional, o que torna a cultura uma atividade de grande importância econômica e social. Nas últimas décadas, a produção de tomates está passando por transformações. As sementes de cultivares de polinização aberta estão sendo substituídas por sementes híbridas, o que inviabiliza a retirada das próprias sementes pelos produtores, tornando-os dependentes de compra externa. A legislação nacional para produção em sistema orgânico orienta que as sementes utilizadas no processo de produção sejam oriundas de sistemas orgânicos de produção e de cultivares de polinização aberta. Para atender essa demanda, pesquisadores do Programa de Pesquisa em Hortaliças da Epagri iniciaram no ano de 2003 a avaliação de 57 acessos de tomate de polinização aberta, obtidos de produtores de tomate, fazendo avaliações de produtividade, incidência de pragas e doenças e de qualidade dos frutos. Concluído o processo, foi selecionado o cultivar SCS375 Kaiçara, que apresenta as características desejáveis pelo mercado.

TOMATORG: Sistema Orgânico de Produção de Tomates em Santa Catarina

Dentre as hortaliças produzidas no sistema orgânico, o tomateiro é a que apresenta os maiores desafios. Com base nessas dificuldades é que a Epagri de Itajaí criou o Sistema Orgânico de Produção de Tomates em Santa Catarina (TOMATORG). O sistema engloba todas as práticas culturais necessárias para a correta produção de tomate orgânico. As tecnologias preconizadas nesta publicação possibilitam que alguns produtores obtenham produtividades superiores a 80 t ha-1, sendo o dobro do observado comumente por produtores orgânicos no Estado de Santa Catarina.Esta publicação reúne os conhecimentos gerados por 16 anos de pesquisa, com trabalhos de experimentação agrícola dentro da Epagri de Itajaí, pesquisas participativas com tradicionais produtores de tomate orgânico e pela experiência de técnicos da Epagri envolvidos com a cadeia produtiva.A obra é destinada aos técnicos de extensão rural, estudantes de Agronomia e aos produtores que estão ou querem produzir tomate orgânico. Como a publicação aborda práticas culturais aplicáveis a muitas hortaliças, também poderá ser utilizada como guia em cursos e treinamentos realizados pela Epagri sobre a produção orgânica de diferentes cultivos

Stability lies in flowers:Plant diversification mediating shifts in arthropod food webs

Arthropod community composition in agricultural landscapes is dependent on habitat characteristics, such as plant composition, landscape homogeneity and the presence of key resources, which are usually absent in monocultures. Manipulating agroecosystems through the insertion of in-field floral resources is a useful technique to reduce the deleterious effects of habitat simplification. Food web analysis can clarify how the community reacts to the presence of floral resources which favour ecosystem services such as biological control of pest species. Here, we reported quantitative and qualitative alterations in arthropod food web complexity due to the presence of floral resources from the Mexican marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) in a field scale lettuce community network. The presence of marigold flowers in the field successfully increased richness, body size, and the numerical and biomass abundance of natural enemies in the lettuce arthropod community, which affected the number of links, vulnerability, generality, omnivory rate and food chain length in the community, which are key factors for the stability of relationships between species. Our results reinforce the notion that diversification through insertion of floral resources may assist in preventing pest outbreaks in agroecosystems. This community approach to arthropod interactions in agricultural landscapes can be used in the future to predict the effect of different management practices in the food web to contribute with a more sustainable management of arthropod pest species

Cultivo de Pitaia

 A escassez de material técnico sobre a pitaia inspirou a construção deste boletim para suporte técnico aos extensionistas da Epagri. Para tanto, este boletim traz tais informações que servirão, num primeiro momento, de subsídio técnico aos técnicos para desenvolvimento de seus trabalhos no município

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society