Paleoenvironment of Tanjung Formation Barito Basin- Central Kalimantan Based on palynological data

The research area is located in the Muara Teweh, North Barito, Central Kalimantan. The cocking coal deposits are well known as they were produced from this area.  Upper part of Tanjung Formation is target coal production. The study objectives are to analyze paleoenvironment and to determine the relative age of coal deposits based on palynological data. Preparing palinological analysis used standard procedure by hydrofluoric acid method.Palynomorphs data  grouped into six types of ecology, and the sequence is as follows ; fresh water and lowland (41,75 %), brackish water  swamp (30,10%), Peat and freshwater swamp (17,96%), marine element (7,77 %), back mangrove (1,46%) and upland element (0,97). Palmae pollen is very dominant, especially from freshwater and peat swamp that grow around coastal area i.e. Dicolcopollis, Proxapertites cursus, Proxapertites operculatus, Longapertites and Palmaepollenites kutchensis. Although marine  fossil found, but the frequency  less than one percent,  that was the  evidence of influence sea water to swamp area. The palynomorphs indicate the coal sedimented at upper delta plain.  Fossil index of relative age consist of    Proxapertites cursus, Proxapertites operculatus, Magnastriatites howardi Verrucatosporites usmensis, Retistephanocolpites , and Ixonantes type which refer to Late Eocene

Identification of Heavy Metal Plumbum (Pb) in Edible Offal

Plumbum (Pb) is a heavy metal that its presence is undesirable because it can lead to the formation of residues in animal or human body which cause health problems. Pb source can be derived from disinfectant, bedding materials, corrosion equipment, paint, animal feed, water and soil. Livestock farming is difficult to avoid Pb contamination, so it is important to do research on the identification of Pb in edible animal offal (pig liver, beef cattle tripe and lamb kidney). This research is an exploratory study on 12 samples of pig liver, 12 samples of beef cattle tripe and 12 samples of lamb kidney which sold in the traditional market in Bandung, the samples were analyzed using AAS machine at Balai Penelitian Veteriner in Bogor, data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that 50% of beef cattle tripe contains residues of heavy metals Pb, accounted 0.98 ppm on average, while all samples of pig liver and lamb kidneys contain residues of heavy metals Pb with average residues 0.35 ppm and 0.50 ppm, respectively. This condition is safe because it below the MRL (Maximum Residue Limits) established by SNI which is 1.00 ppm

Ecological Diversity of Microbial Consortium Feces of Beef Cattle and Lignite Coal

Increasing energy demand is not alongside the availability of limited fossil fuels. Alternative and renewable energy sources are not only an option to overcome energy problems but also essential to minimize global warming. Another critical and promising renewable energy source is biomass-derived from livestock feces. Beef cattle feces contain a microorganism consortium that can be used as a starter with coal media to form biogas. Indonesia recently developed coal waste processing into renewable energy, such as biogas. This study aimed to overview the ecological diversity of microbial consortium of beef cattle feces, lignite coal waste, and a combination of livestock and lignite coal waste under mesophilic conditions. This research is an explorative method, the data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The process of formation was carried out anaerobically on a bottle containing the rumen fluid medium. The fermentation process lasted 42 days at 39℃ of temperature. After that, the sample was electrophoresis, followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. NGS data is processed with the MG-Rast website. This study demonstrates the ecological diversity of microbial consortium of beef cattle, lignite coal waste, and a combined consortium. The results showed ecological diversity in the form of taxonomy dominated by bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea

POTENTIAL OF LIVESTOCK MANURE FOR COAL ACTIVATION

The natural methane formed by bacteria in anaerobic conditions is known as biogenic gas. Gas trapped in coal, formed through thermogenesis as well as biogenesisis known as coal-bed methane (CBM). The availability of organic material as decomposition of this material into methane is continuously required for the production of methane in the coal aquifer. The aim of this research was to investigate whether or not cattle feces bacteria were able to grow and produce methane in coal. Parameters measured were Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) and the production of biogas, such as nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane. Explorative method was used and data obtained was analyzed by descriptive approach. The results showed that the bacteria found in the feces survived in the coal and produce biogas. On day 2 when the process was at the acidogenesis phase, it produced VFA with the largest component of acetic acid. Acetic acid would undergo decarboxylation and reduction of CO2 followed by reactions of H2and CO2 to produce methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as the final products.

Upaya Pengolahan Feses Domba dan Limbah Usar (Vitiveria zizanioides) Melalui Berbagai Metode Pengomposan

Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Dan Pengolahan limbah Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung, selama 3 bulan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah ingin mengetahui sejauhmana pengaruh berbagai metode pengomposan terhadap kadar N total, P2O5 dan K2O. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimen di laboratorium dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan dan 6 kali ulangan, yaitu metode pengomposan konvensional, metode vermikomposting dan metode penambahan inokulum EM4. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan, data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam dan uji jarak berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan yang diberikan tidak berpengruh terhadap kandungan N total, kandungan P2O5 total, dan kandungan K2O kompos yang dihasilkan.  Kandungan N total tertinggi ditemukan pada pengomposan tradisional, kandungan P2O5 tertinggi ditemukan pada metode pengomposan menggunakan EM4, kandungan K2O tertinggi ditemukan pada pengomposan tradisonal.Kata kunci : metode pengomposan, N total, P2O5, K2O

Dinamika Populasi Mikroba dan Reduksi Serat Kasar pada Dekomposisi Awal Pengomposan Limbah Sapi Potong

Dekomposisi awal memiliki peran penting dalam proses pengomposan.   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dinamika populasi mikroba dan degradasi serat kasar selama proses dekomposisi awal. Limbah ternak pada umumnya memiliki rasio karbon dan nitrogen yang rendah sehingga diperlukan penambahan jerami padi sebagai sumber karbon. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga perlakuan rasio C/N: 20, 25, dan 30. Perubahan suhu, pH, jumlah total bakteri, jumlah actinomycetes, jumlah kapang diamati selama 7 hari proses dekomposisi awal.  Kadar lignin, selulosa, dan hemiselulosa diamati pada akhir dekomposisi awal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio C/N 30 menghasilkan proses dekomposisi tertinggi, dengan fase termofilik terjadi pada hari ke 2 dengan suhu tertinggi 57oC dan pH 8,79. Temperatur mencerminkan proses dekomposisi yang tinggi melalui aktivitas mikroba dalam mendekomposisi bahan organik. Total jumlah bakteri dan actinomycetes yang dicapai pada fase termofilik berturut-turut 179 x 1011 cfu/g dan 87 x 105 cfu/g. Kapang berkembang pada suhu mesofilik pada hari ke 5 dan volume total tertinggi mencapai 48 x 1011 cfu/g pada hari ke 6. Proses dekomposisi awal mampu mereduksi lignin sebesar 30,57%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dinamika populasi mikroba dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan nutrisi dalam substrat yang dijelaskan oleh rasio C/N. Pertumbuhan bakteri dan aktinomycetes tertinggi terjadi pada suhu termofilik sementara kapang berkembang pada suhu mesofilik. Kandungan lignin dan hemiselulosa pada substrat menurun

The Effect of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) Extract Concentration as Coagulant on Physical and Chemical Characteristic Fresh Cheese

Cheese is one of the processed products originating from milk which is mostly imported from other countries. Fresh cheese is a soft cheese without ripening process. Protease is one of the important enzymes in cheese making industry, which  catalyst to hydrolyze peptide bonds.  The purpose of this study was to study the physical and chemical characteristics of fresh cheese at several concentrations of strawberry extract as a coagulant. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of three treatments at the concentration level of strawberry extract P1 (20%), P2 (30%), and P3 (40%), with six replications. The data obtained were evaluated using the variance test and to determine the differences between treatments, the Duncan multiple distance test was carried out. The observed variables were yield, water content, milk clotting activity, pH and color of fresh cheese. The results showed that strawberry extract can be used as a coagulant in the manufacture of fresh cheese up to a concentration of 40% with a yield of 23.81%, water content, milk clotting activity 1260.09 SU/mL, pH 5.04 and the color includes L*59, 48, a* 12.67 and b* 17.32

Pengaruh Campuran Feses Sapi Potong Dan Feses Kuda Pada Proses Pengomposan Terhadap Kualitas Kompos

This study aims to determine compost quality (content of N, P2O5, K2O) generated from various mixtures of beef cattle feces and the feces of horses. The method used in this study is the experimental method in the laboratory using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, ie P1 = C / N ratio of 25, P2 = C / N ratio of 30 and P3 = C / N ratio of 35 and replications 6 times. To determine the effect of treatments, data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan test. The results showed that the mixture of feces of beef cattle and horse feces with various C / N ratio did not significantly affect the quality of compost. N content in compost produced = 0.7867 to 0.8000%, P2O5 content = 0.5883 to 0.6000%, K2O = 0.5733 to 0.5883

Estimasi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dan Aplikasi Pemanfaatan Konsorsium Bakteri dari Limbah Peternakan dengan Media Batubara dalam Menghasilkan Biogas

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengestimasi emisi gas rumah kaca dari populasi ternak ruminansia dan memanfaatkan GRK sebagai energi alternatif, yang terbentuk dari aktivitas konsorsium bakteri dalam limbah ruminansia sebagai starter dengan media batubara. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahap: Tahap 1 adalah estimasi emisi gas rumah kaca yang didasarkan pada survei populasi ternak di Kabupaten Sumedang (Jatinangor, Tanjungsari dan Sukasari) menurut metode IPCC 2006. Tahap 2 adalah percobaan skala laboratorium untuk membuktikan pembentukan gas rumah kaca dari sampel limbah ruminansia. Tahap 3 adalah pemanfaatan gas rumah kaca sebagai sumber energi dengan media batubara dan starter konsorsium bakteri dari feses ternak. Sampel untuk penelitian skala laboratorium diperoleh dengan mengaktifasi konsorsium bakteri dari feses ternak yang ditanam di media batubara. Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai penelitian eksploratif dengan memanfaatkan feses sapi perah, feses sapi potong, feses kerbau yang ditambahkan secara terpisah ke dalam medium 98-5 yang terbuat dari campuran komponen kimia dan diencerkan dengan aquadest dan cairan rumen. Setiap sampel disimpan ke dalam digester anaerobik 250 ml, diinkubasi selama 15 hari, dianalisis dengan Gas Chromatography (GC-A14). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peternakan ruminansia menghasilkan gas rumah kaca khususnya CH4 yang berpotensi dapat dikurangi dengan memanfaatkannya sebagai biogas dengan media batubara

Pengaruh Campuran Feses Sapi Potong dan Feses Kuda Pada Proses Pengomposan Terhadap Kualitas Kompos

This  study  aims  to  determine  compost  quality  (content  of   N,  P2O5, K2O)  generated  from  various mixtures  of  beef  cattle  feces  and  the  feces  of  horses.  The method    used    in  this  study  is  the  experimental method in the laboratory using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, ie P1 = C / N ratio of 25, P2  =  C  / N  ratio  of  30  and  P3  =  C  / N  ratio  of  35  and  replications  6  times.  To  determine  the  effect  of treatments, data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan test. The results showed that the mixture of feces of beef  cattle and horse  feces with various C  / N  ratio did not  significantly affect  the quality of  compost. N content  in  compost  produced =  0.7867  to  0.8000%, P2O5  content =  0.5883  to  0.6000%, K2O =  0.5733  to 0.5883