Rural extension and communication in the rural environment / Extensão rural e comunicação no ambiente rural

Rural extension is one of the branches of Agrarian Sciences that is concerned with providing formal education services of a continuous nature for the rural and fishing environment, assisting and promoting processes of management, production, processing and commercialization of activities, as well as agricultural and non-agricultural services, including agroextractive, forestry and artisanal activities. Rural extension is also understood as "a process of out-of-school education, or, not formal, whose objective is to contribute to the elevation of the quality of life of rural families and, consequently, to the well-being of society as a whole". The technical assistance provided to family farmers is of relevant importance in the process of communication and dissemination of new technologies generated by research (and possibly by farmers themselves or by official rural extension services) that are essential to rural development in its broadest sense, that is, in the development of agricultural, forestry, extractivism and fishing activities. The importance of technical assistance and rural extension in bringing technology closer to society is undeniable. However, in addition to similar ones, these two strands contain differences in important points, which leave them far apart from each other. In the rural extension it is necessary to have a link between the research and the productive sector, which, in this case, is the farmer. The focus of rural extension is to bring to the rural community from basic knowledge (such as borrowing from banks, economy, etc.) to technical knowledge in agriculture, including technology (materialization of science studied). It consists of being sure that the small farmer will know how to manage his land and his income, and creates an independence so that, in case of a problem, the farmer and his family know how to solve it without major problems and without requiring a technical assistant constantly. It is an educational measure aimed at improving production and income and, consequently, quality of life of the rural family. Technical assistance creates a certain dependence on the small farmer. It aims to solve immediate problems, with greater objectivity, but does not intend to pass on knowledge to the rural family. It is a way of using technology in a technical way, but with an individual character.

The natural ecomuseum of mangrove: educational and reforestation actions / O ecomuseu natural do mangue: ações educativas e de reflorestamento

Green areas in the context of cities are essential element for the well-being of the population, because it has the purpose of improving the quality of life and environmental preservation, in this sense. This research aimed to identify and analyze the educational and reforestation actions carried out by the EcoMuseu Natural do Mangue, located in the Sabiaguaba neighborhood (Fortaleza-CE), through environmental education activities and the reforestation of the area in its surroundings. The proposal is to get visitors to know initially the museum's collection, where they will have a lecture on the ecosystem and its preservation, after they will be led by monitors on an ecological trail through the mangrove where they will have the opportunity to experience one of their richest experiences of environmental education. An education for a new look at the mangrove and awareness that the construction of "a new world is possible", paraphrasing Paulo Freire. The methodology applied in this article was bibliographic, through the reading of authors who conceptually and theoretically address the issues related to the proposed theme. Among the results obtained, in 2015, there was an increase of about 10% of mangrove reforestation in the entire area of the park. Since reforestation and environmental education are among the most effective alternatives for the recovery of a degraded area

HIV integration and the establishment of latency in CCL19-treated resting CD4(+) T cells require activation of NF-κB

BACKGROUND: Eradication of HIV cannot be achieved with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) because of the persistence of long-lived latently infected resting memory CD4(+) T cells. We previously reported that HIV latency could be established in resting CD4(+) T cells in the presence of the chemokine CCL19. To define how CCL19 facilitated the establishment of latent HIV infection, the role of chemokine receptor signalling was explored. RESULTS: In resting CD4(+) T cells, CCL19 induced phosphorylation of RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Inhibition of the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and Ras/Raf/Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)/ERK signalling pathways inhibited HIV integration, without significant reduction in HIV nuclear entry (measured by Alu-LTR and 2-LTR circle qPCR respectively). Inhibiting activation of MEK1/ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activating protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-κB, but not p38, also inhibited HIV integration. We also show that HIV integrases interact with Pin1 in CCL19-treated CD4(+) T cells and inhibition of JNK markedly reduced this interaction, suggesting that CCL19 treatment provided sufficient signals to protect HIV integrase from degradation via the proteasome pathway. Infection of CCL19-treated resting CD4(+) T cells with mutant strains of HIV, lacking NF-κB binding sites in the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) compared to infection with wild type virus, led to a significant reduction in integration by up to 40-fold (range 1-115.4, p = 0.03). This was in contrast to only a modest reduction of 5-fold (range 1.7-11, p > 0.05) in fully activated CD4(+) T cells infected with the same mutants. Finally, we demonstrated significant differences in integration sites following HIV infection of unactivated, CCL19-treated, and fully activated CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS: HIV integration in CCL19-treated resting CD4(+) T cells depends on NF-κB signalling and increases the stability of HIV integrase, which allow subsequent integration and establishment of latency. These findings have implications for strategies needed to prevent the establishment, and potentially reverse, latent infection

MOESM4 of HIV integration and the establishment of latency in CCL19-treated resting CD4+ T cells require activation of NF-ÎşB

Additional file 4: Figure S4. Integration site selection and gene activation in chemokine treated cells. A, Gene expression was determined by Illumina bead array in unactivated, CCL19-treated or PHA-IL2 activated CD4+ T cells after 6 or 72 h. The ratio of expression of genes at the sites of integration was determined in each in vitro condition. B, Expression of individual genes at the site of HIV integration in CCL19-treated resting CD4+ T cells (x-axis) compared to unactivated (y-axis; upper panel) or PHA-IL2 activated CD4+ T cells (y-axis; lower panel). C, The distance of integration sites to specific genomic elements including LINE, H4K20me3 and H4R3me following HIV infection of unactivated, CCL19-treated and PHA-IL2 activated CD4+ T cells, or CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected patients on cART or randomly selected sites. Log distance is shown as box plots (median and quartiles) with violin plot of the kernel distribution. The means are shown as a red horizontal line