Degradation Kinetics of MEA and DEA by Fenton’s Reagent with Biological Post-Treatment

Alkanolamines in aqueous solutions are commonly used for scrubbing of carbon dioxide from natural gas, synthesis gas and other gas mixtures. Large quantities of amines appear in the wastewater during cleaning and maintenance as well as shutdown of the absorption and desorption columns. The amines are not readily biodegradable and such wastewater cannot be treated in the conventional treatment facility. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP), such as oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, UV-H2O2 and UV-Ozone offer a class of techniques of treatment or partial degradation of recalcitrant organics which are not readily amenable to conventional biological oxidation. Degradation of alkanolamines by Fenton’s reagent has been investigated in this work. Mono- and di-ethanolamines have been selected as two model alkanolamines. Fenton’s oxidation experiments were conducted in a jacketed glass reactor and the effects of process parameters such as dosing of the reagents (H2O2 and FeSO4;7H2O), pH, initial concentration of the amine as well as the mode of addition of the reagents have been studied in details. Since the degradation process involves a number of intermediates, not all of which could be identified, the chemical oxidation demand (COD) of the amine solution is selected as a measure of the extent of degradation. Determination of the COD was done by Hach 5000 spectrophotometer following the standard procedure. FTIR Spectrometer and HPLC were used for identification and analysis of the degradation fragments. Amine concentrations upto 20,000 ppm was used since it is characteristic of the effluents from a natural gas treating plant. It was observed that only a fraction of the COD could be removed by using a moderate quantity of the reagents. Also, for a solution having a higher initial amine concentration, the degradation process was very fast. Most of the total COD removal was attained within a few minutes from the start of the reaction. This was followed by a very slow rate of COD removal. The reaction rate as well as the extent of reaction was most favored at a pH of 3. Also the rate of degradation passes through a maximum with increase of H2O2 dosing and the Fe2+/H2O2 ratio. Continuous addition of the Fenton’s reagent is much more effective with better utilization of the H2O2 than one-time addition. Besides COD, time evolution of the concentrations of the amine and hydrogen peroxide were measured to monitor the course of the reaction. A rapid fall of H2O2 concentration accompanied the fast COD reduction. But COD removal was less steep for continuous reagent addition experiments. The trends were very much similar for both MEA and DEA. They showed closely similar behavior. Although it was not possible to identify all the degradation products of the amines, the formation of glycine as one of the intermediates was decisively established. This indicates that the alcohol group of an alkanolamine might be more vulnerable to electrophilic attack by the HO• radicals than the α-carbon atom with respect to the alcohol group. A plausible reaction pathway is suggested and a rate equation for MEA degradation was developed. A high dose of Fenton’s reagent was not of help to increase the COD reduction. With addition of the stoichiometric quantities of the regent, the degradation amounted to only about 60% COD removal even though about 98% of H2O2 as hydroxyl radical source was utilized. Oxidation of one of the degradation products namely glycine using Fenton’s oxidation was investigated separately. The degradation rate was slower than the pure substrate. Since 40-50% of the COD remains in the Fenton-treated solution, we explored the biodegradability of the organic fragments and oxidation products. The biodegradability test was carried out in an aerobic batch reactor prescribed by the materials and methods specifications in the Zahn- Wellens/EMPA Test according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method OPPTS 835.3200. Partially degraded alkanolamines after about 40% COD removal by Fenton’s oxidation was used to study the biodegradability. The biological oxidation of untreated alkanolamine was done in parallel. The COD in solution as well as the biomass concentration was monitored to follow the course of the reaction. The pH of the medium ranged between 6.5 – 8. No attempt to maintain a constant pH by buffering was made in order to ascertain the usefulness of the method under industrial operating conditions. ‘Activated sludge’ from the central wastewater treatment unit of this university was used for seeding the batch bioreactor. The results show that the acclimatization time for biological oxidation of a partially degraded amine sample was about the half of that of the ‘pure’ amine. The time of maximum COD removal was also shorter for the former sample. The kinetics of biomass growth could be fitted by the Monod equation. The kinetic constants were evaluated. Emission of ammonia from the reactor was detected and an ammonia probe was used to monitor the formation of ammonia during the biodegradation process. It appears that ammonia formation per unit COD of the partially degraded sample was more than that of a ‘pure’ amine. This observation is compatible with the formation of more oxygenated degradation products such as amino-acids during Fenton’s oxidation. The results of this study are expected to be useful for developing a practical strategy of treatment of amine-laden wastewater in natural gas-treating plants

KARAKTERISTIK PEMILIH PADA PEMILUKADA TAHUN 2015 DI KOTA BLITAR JAWA TIMUR

Pemilihan kepala daerah di Kota Blitar merupakan suatu proses demokratis yang sangat penting bagi warga Kota Blitar dalam menentukan Walikota Blitar untuk periode lima tahun kedepan, dimana kemajuan Kota  dan masyarakat Blitar akan di pengaruhi oleh pemimpin yang memahami kondisi masyarakat itu sendiri. Proses pemilukada Kota Blitar merupakan sesuatu yang sangat penting bagi warga Kota Blitar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik pemilih dalam pemilukada tahun 2015 di Kota Blitar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah seluruh warga Kota Blitar yang memiliki hak pilih dalam Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah (pemilukada) tahun 2015 di Kota Blitar, dengan jumlah responden adalah 399 orang. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara menyebarkan instrumen penelitian yang berupa angket. Data yang diperoleh diuji menggunakan analisis cluster. Hasil penelitian melalui analisis cluster diketahui bahwa Kelurahan Sentul, Blitar, Tlumpu, Turi, Sukorejo, Plosokerep dan Sananwetan masuk dalam cluster pertama. Ngadirejo, Kauman, Tanggung, Dan Gedok masuk dalam cluster kedua, dan Kelurahan Kepanjenkidul, Bendo, Kepanjenlor, Pakunden, Karangsari, Tanjungsari, Klampok, Rembang, Karangtengah, dan Bendogerit masuk dalam cluster tiga. dengan melihat tabel Anova diketahui bahwa variabel usia berpengaruh signifikan terhadap karakteristik pemilih pada pemilukada tahun 2015 di Kota Bitar dengan nilai F tinggi 13.975 dan signifikan p(sig)= 0,00<0.05. Variabel lain yang berpengaruh signifikan adalah tingkat penghasilan dengan nilai F tinggi 4.314 dan Signifikan p(sig) = 0,02<0,05, tingkat partisipasi pemilih nilai F tinggi 11.572 dan Signifikan p(sig) = 0,00<0,05, intensitas sosialisasi dengan nilai F tinggi 15.738 dan Signifikan p(sig) = 0,00<0,05, kecenderungan memilih dengan nilai F tinggi 5.453 dan Signifikan p(sig) = 0,01<0,05, keterlibatan dalam partai politik dengan nilai F tinggi 8.879 dan Signifikan p(sig) = 0,00<0,05 agama calon dengan nilai F tinggi 5.113 dan Signifikan p(sig) = 0,02<0,05 dan idiologi calon dengan nilai F tinggi 4.157 dan Signifikan p(sig) = 0,03<0,05 . Variabel pendidikan, dan politik uang tidak berpengaruh secara Signifikan karena >0,05.    Kata Kunci: karakteristik pemilih pada pemilukada, analisis Cluster   Abstract The election of district leader in Blitar city is a process of democracy that is very important for the citizens of Blitar in establishing The Mayor of Blitar for next five year period. Which is the progress of Blitar will be influenced by this Mayor who is understanding the condition of Blitar society. So that, this election become something important for Blitar citizens.  The purpose of this research is to know the characteristic of voters in Blitar election in 2015. The research method used in this research is quantitative descriptive.  The populations of this research are all Blitar citizens who have right as a voter in Blitar Election 2015.  The total numbers of respondents are 399. Taking data is done by giving questionnaire to the voter.  And data Is determined by using Cluster Analysis. The result of the research By Cluster Analysis is known that The Village of Sentul, Blitar, Tlumpu, Turi, Sukerejo, Plosokerep, and Sananwetan belong to first Cluster where as Ngadirejo, Kauman, Tanggung, and Gedok belong to second Cluster and Kepanen Kidul, Bendo, Kepanen Lor, Pakunden, Karangsari, Tanjungsari, Klampok, Rembang, Karang Tengah and Bendogerit, belong to third Cluster. Beside that, by checking Anova Table, known that age variable give significant influence to the characteristic of voter in Blitar election 2015 by the level of Frequency  13.975 n Significant p(sig) = 0,00 < 0.05.  other variable that give impact is Income level by the level of Frequency  is  4.314 and Significant p(sig) = 0.02<0. 05.  Participation of voters has level of Frequency  11.573 and Significant p(sig) = 0.00<0.05.  Socialization intensity level of Frequency  15.738 and significant p(sig) = 0.00<0.05,  Vote tendency with level of Frequency  5.453 and Significant p(sig) = 0.01 <0.05,  Involvement in political party, by level of Frequency  8.879 and Significant p(sig) = 0.00<0.05,   Religion of candidate, by level of Frequency  5.113 and Significant p(sig) = 0.02<0.05,   and The ideology of candidate, by level of Frequency  4.157 and Significant p(sig) = 0.03<0.05.  Education and Money politic variable don’t give big effect because > 0.05. Keyword : Characteristic of Voters, district election and  analysis Cluster

Pembelajaran Seni Budaya di SMP Negeri 2 dan di SMP Negeri 2 Lampung Selatan

Penelitian ini berjudul “PEMBELAJARAN SENI BUDAYA DI SMP NEGERI 3 DAN DI SMP NEGERI 2 LAMPUNG SELATAN”. Masalah yang ada dalam penelitian ini adalah pembelajaran Seni Budaya di SMP Negeri 3 Sidomulyo dan di SMP Negeri 2 Candipuro yang menggunakan acuan pada Silabus dan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) yang berbeda. SMP Negeri 3 Sidomulyo mengacu pada Silabus dan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) kurikulum 2006 sedangkan SMP Negeri 2 Candipuro mengacu pada Silabus dan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) kurikulum 2013. Dengan demikian, peneliti merasa tertarik untuk meneliti proses dan hasil pembelajaran di kedua sekolah tersebut. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori tentang pembelajaran, pembelajaran Seni Budaya (Seni tari) dan komponen-komponen pembelajaran. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisis, berguna untuk mendeskripsikan suatau kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung. Materi pembelajaran pada SMP Negeri 3 Sidomulyo materinya adalah tentang eksplorasi gerak dan lagu daerah menggunakan model pendekatan CTL dan Life Skill, media yang digunakan berupa papan tulis, dan spidol. Hasil dari seluruh proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan adalah seluruh siswa mampu mengeksplorasi gerak dengan menyanyikan lagu daerah tetapi tidak semua siswa mampu mengaplikasikanya berdasarkan ekspresi wajah dengan berbagai karakter. Materi pembelajaran pada SMP Negeri 2 Candipuro adalah Gerak Tari, metode pembelajaran menggunakan metode saintifik media pembelajaran yang digunakan berupa laptop, infokus dan sound sistem. Hasil dari pembelajaran ini adalah siswa mampu membuat gerak sederhana sesuai dengan yang diharapkan oleh guru dengan hitungan mengan mengaplikasikan pola lantai, ruang dan level. Proses dan hasil dari pembelajaran di kedua sekolah tersebut tidak akan sama dikarenakan materi, media, metode dan evaluasi yang digunakan berbeda. The title of this research is “PEMBELAJARAN SENI BUDAYA DI SMP NEGERI 3 DAN DI SMP NEGERI 2 LAMPUNG SELATAN” . This problem of this research is Seni Budaya learning of SMP Negeri 3 Sidomulyo and SMP Negeri 2 Candipuro based on different syllabus and lesson plan. SMP Negeri 3 Sidomulyo basen on Syllabus and lesson plan of 2006 Curriculum while SMP Negeri 2 Candipuro basen on Syllabus and lesson plan of 2013 Curriculum. Therefore the researcher interested to research this process and the result of this learning both of two schools. In this research used learning theory. Seni Budaya learning theory and learning compenent. The methode of this research are qualitative methode and descriptive analysis approach, to discribe a moment that happening. The material of SMP Negeri 3 Sidomulyo is “Exploration of movemen and folk songs” using CTL and Life Skill. The media are white board and marker. The result of all learning process that have done is the students can explore of movement based on sing folk song although some students can not applied their facial expression on different carscters. The material of “ Gerak Tari” the learning methode using saintific method and using media laptop, infocus, and sound system. The result is student can made simple movement that appropiate on teacher propose based on counts, floor patterns, space and level. This process of second learning will not be the some because material, media, method, and evaluation that have used is different

Pengaruh Repitisi Beban Terhadap Tegangan, Dan Penurunan Tanah Ekpansif Pada Model Perkerasan Lentur

Dalam perencanaannya struktur perkerasan jalan dirancang dengan suatu umur rencana tertentu. Pengulangan beban sumbu tertentu yang mampu dipikul oleh suatu perkerasan menjadi parameter utama dalam menentukan umur rencana dari perkerasan jalan. Selain pengulangan dari beban sumbu tertentu, kondisi tanah dasar dari perkerasan yang berupa tanah lempung ekspansif juga menjadi faktor utama dari kerusakan jalan dimana umur rencana menjadi lebih cepat tercapai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana hubungan pengulangan beban sumbu terhadap tegangan dan penurunan tanah dasar ekspansif pada model perkerasan lentur. Dari penelitian ini didapakan hasil bahwa seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah repetisi beban nilai dari penurunan awal menjadi berkurang secara konstan dengan Perubahan yang sangat kecil hingga repetisi akhir. Pola yang sama juga terjadi pada pengujian tegangan tanah, nilai dari tegangan pada repetisi awal bernilai jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan repetisi beban akhir. Kondisi ini diakibatkan oleh kepadatan lapisan tanah yang semakin tinggi sehingga sudut penyebaran distribusi beban menjadi semakin besar dan nilai dari distribusi tegangan pun semakin kecil. Kata Kunci : Tanah Ekspansif, Repetisi Beban, Tegangan Tanah, Penurunan Tana

Statistical methods for analysis of multienvironment trials in plant breeding : accuracy and precision

Multienvironment trials (MET) are carried out every year in different environmental conditions to evaluate a vast number of cultivars, i.e., yield, because different cultivars perform differently in various environmental conditions, known as genotype×environment interactions. MET aim to provide accurate information on cultivar performance so that a recommendation of which cultivar performs the best in a growers field condition can be available. MET data is often analysed via mixed models, which allow the cultivar effect to be random. The random effect of cultivar enables genetic correlation to be exploited across zones and considering the trials heterogeneity. A zone can be viewed as a larger target of population environments. The accuracy and precision of the cultivar predictions are crucial to be evaluated. The prediction accuracy can be evaluated via a cross-validation (CV) study, and the model selection can be done based on the lowest mean squared error prediction (MSEP). Also, since the trials locations hardly coincide with growers field, the precision of predictions needs to be evaluated via standard errors of predictions of cultivar values (SEPV) and standard errors of the predictions of pairwise differences of cultivar values (SEPD). The central objective of this thesis is to assess the model performance and conduct model selection via a CV study for zone-based cultivar predictions. Chapter 2 assessed the performance between empirical best linear unbiased estimations (EBLUE) and empirical best linear unbiased predictions (EBLUP) for zone-based prediction. Different CV schemes were done for the single-year and multi-year datasets to mimic the practice. A complex covariance structure such as factor-analytic (FA) was imposed to account for the heterogeneity of cultivar×zone (CZ) effect. The MSEP showed that the EBLUP models outperformed the EBLUE models. The zonation was necessary since it improved the accuracy and was preferable to make cultivar recommendations. The FA structure did not improve the accuracy compared to the simpler covariance structure, and so the EBLUP model with a simple covariance structure is sufficient for the single and multi-year datasets. Chapter 3 assessed the single-stage and stagewise analyses. The three weighting methods were compared in the stagewise analysis: two diagonal approximation methods and the fully efficient method with the unweighted analysis. The assessment was based on the MSEP instead of Pearsons and Spearmans correlation coefficients since the correlation coefficients are often very close between the compared models. The MSEP showed that the single-stage EBLUP and the stagewise weighting EBLUP strategy were very similar. Thus, the loss of information due to diagonal approximation is minor. In fact, the MSEP showed a more apparent distinction between the single-stage and the stagewise weighting analyses with the unweighted EBLUE compared to the correlation coefficients. The simple compound-symmetric covariance structure was sufficient for the CZ effect than the more complex structures. The choice between the single-stage and stagewise weighting analysis, thus, depends on the computational resources and the practicality of data handling. Chapter 4 assessed the accuracy and precision of the predictions for the new locations. The environmental covariates were combined with the EBLUP in the random coefficient (RC) models since the covariates provide more information for the new locations. The MSEP showed that the RC models were not the model with the smallest MSEP, but the RC models had the lowest SEPV and SEPD. Thus, the model selection can be done by joint consideration of the MSEP, SEPV, and SEPD. The models with EBLUE and covariate interaction effects performed poorly regarding the MSEP. The EBLUP models without RC performed best, but the SEPV and SEPD were large, considered unreliable. The covariate scale and selection are essential to obtain a positive definite covariance matrix. Employing unstructured covariance int the RC is crucial to maintaining the RC models invariance feature. The RC framework is suitable to be implemented with GIS data to provide an accurate and precise projection of cultivar performance for the new locations or environments. To conclude, the EBLUP model for zoned-based predictions should be preferred to obtain the predictions and rankings closer to the true values and rankings. The stagewise weighting analysis can be recommended due to its practicality and its computational efficiency. Furthermore, projecting cultivar performances to the new locations should be done to provide more targeted information for growers. The available environmental covariates can be utilised to improve the predictions accuracy and precision in the new locations in the RC model framework. Such information is certainly more valuable for growers and breeders than just providing means across a whole target population of environments.Multi-Umwelt-Versuche (MET) werden unter verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen durchgeführt, um eine große Anzahl von Sorten, d.h. den Ertrag, zu bewerten, da verschiedene Sorten unter verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen unterschiedlich abschneiden, was als Genotyp×Umwelt-Interaktionen bekannt ist. Ziel der MET ist es, genaue Informationen über die Leistung der Sorten zu liefern, damit den Landwirten eine Empfehlung gegeben werden kann. MET-Daten werden häufig mit Hilfe von gemischten Modellen analysiert, bei denen der Effekt der Sorte zufällig ist. Der Zufallseffekt der Sorte ermöglicht es, die genetische Korrelation zwischen den Zonen zu nutzen und die Heterogenität der Versuche zu berücksichtigen. Eine Zone kann als ein größeres Ziel von Populationsumgebungen betrachtet werden. Die Genauigkeit und Präzision der Sortenvorhersagen müssen unbedingt bewertet werden. Die Vorhersagegenauigkeit kann durch eine Kreuzvalidierungsstudie (CV) bewertet werden, und die Modellauswahl kann auf der Grundlage der Vorhersage mit dem niedrigsten mittleren quadratischen Fehler (MSEP) erfolgen. Da die Versuchsstandorte kaum mit den Feldern der Landwirte übereinstimmen, muss auch die Genauigkeit der Vorhersagen anhand der Standardfehler der Vorhersagen der Sortenwerte (SEPV) und der Standardfehler der Vorhersagen der paarweisen Unterschiede der Sortenwerte (SEPD) bewertet werden. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Bewertung der Modellleistung und die Durchführung einer Modellauswahl mittels einer CV-Studie für zonenbasierte Sortenvorhersagen. In Kapitel 2 wurde die Leistung der empirisch besten linearen unvoreingenommenen Schätzungen (EBLUE) und der empirisch besten linearen unvoreingenommenen Vorhersagen (EBLUP) für die zonenbasierte Vorhersage bewertet. Für die ein- und mehrjährigen Datensätze wurden verschiedene CV-Schemata angewandt, um die Praxis zu imitieren. Eine komplexe Kovarianzstruktur wie die faktorenanalytische (FA) wurde eingeführt, um die Heterogenität des Effekts von Sorte×Zone (CZ) zu berücksichtigen. Der MSEP zeigte, dass die EBLUP-Modelle die EBLUE-Modelle übertrafen. Die Zonierung war notwendig, da sie die Genauigkeit verbesserte und bevorzugt zu Anbauempfehlungen führte. Die FA-Struktur verbesserte die Genauigkeit nicht im Vergleich zur einfacheren Kovarianzstruktur. Somit ist das EBLUP-Modell mit einer einfachen Kovarianzstruktur ausreichend. In Kapitel 3 wurden die einstufigen und stufenweisen Analysen bewertet. Bei der stufenweisen Analyse wurden die drei Gewichtungsmethoden miteinander verglichen. Die Bewertung erfolgte anhand des MSEP anstelle der Korrelationskoeffizienten von Pearson und Spearman, da die Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen den verglichenen Modellen oft sehr eng beieinander liegen. Der MSEP zeigte, dass die einstufige EBLUP- und die stufenweise gewichtete EBLUP-Strategie sehr ähnlich waren. Der Informationsverlust durch die diagonale Approximation ist also gering. Der MSEP zeigte einen deutlicheren Unterschied zwischen den einstufigen und den stufenweisen gewichteten Analysen mit dem ungewichteten EBLUE im Vergleich zu den Korrelationskoeffizienten. Die einfache compound-symmetrische Kovarianzstruktur reichte für den CZ-Effekt besser aus als die komplexeren Strukturen. Die Wahl zwischen der einstufigen und der stufenweisen Gewichtungsanalyse hängt also von den Rechenressourcen und der Praktikabilität der Datenverarbeitung ab. In Kapitel 4 wurden die Genauigkeit und Präzision der Vorhersagen für die neuen Standorte bewertet. Die Umweltkovariaten wurden mit dem EBLUP in den Zufallskoeffizientenmodellen (RC) kombiniert, da die Kovariaten mehr Informationen für die neuen Standorte liefern. Der MSEP zeigte, dass die RC-Modelle nicht das Modell mit dem kleinsten MSEP waren, aber die RC-Modelle hatten den niedrigsten SEPV und SEPD. Daher kann die Modellauswahl durch eine gemeinsame Betrachtung von MSEP, SEPV und SEPD erfolgen. Die Modelle mit EBLUE und Kovariaten-Interaktionseffekten schnitten in Bezug auf den MSEP schlecht ab. Die EBLUP-Modelle ohne RC schnitten am besten ab, aber der SEPV und SEPD waren groß und wurden als unzuverlässig angesehen. Die Skalierung und die Auswahl der Kovariaten sind wesentlich, um eine positiv definite Kovarianzmatrix zu erhalten. Die Verwendung einer unstrukturierten Kovarianz in der RC ist entscheidend für die Aufrechterhaltung der Invarianz der RC-Modelle. Der RC-Rahmen eignet sich für die Implementierung mit GIS-Daten, um eine genaue und präzise Projektion der Leistung von Kulturpflanzen für neue Standorte oder Umgebungen zu erhalten. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Analyse von MET durch EBLUP-Modelle und die Einbeziehung von Umweltkovariaten in die Modelle verbessert werden kann