Immunohistochemical Expression of MUC 1 Mucin in Different Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the expression of MUC1 Mucin in different grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma using ImunoHistoChemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 samples were examined for the Immunohistochemical expression of MUC1 Mucin. The study group includes 40 cases of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of oral squamous cell carcinoma (10 cases of well differentiated OSCC,10 case of moderately differentiated OSCC, 10 cases of Poorly differentiated OSCC and 10 cases of Normal Oral Mucosa- control group). 3 μ thickness sections were made from each sample and stained with MUC1 Mucin antibody. The intensi ty and area of staining were assessed and scored. The data obtained w a s statistically analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: There was a significant statist ical difference in the intensity of staining of MUC 1 Mucin between normal oral mucosa and oral squamous cell carcinoma. There was also a significant statistical difference in the area of staining of MUC 1 Mucin between normal oral mucosa and oral squamous cell carcinoma. When comparing the staining intensity of MUC 1 Mucin between the different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma, there was a significant difference statistically. On comparison of area of staining of MUC 1 Mucin between the different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma, there was again a significant difference statistically. High immunopositivity and strong staining intensity for MUC 1 Mucin was observed in well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma when compared to moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: We conclude that MUC 1 Mucin biomarker can be used to detect higher grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma and hence, early detection in preventing invasion and metastasis

Immunomodulation of murine collagen-induced arthritis by N, N-dimethylglycine and a preparation of Perna canaliculus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its accepted animal model, murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), are classic autoimmune inflammatory diseases which require proinflammatory cytokine production for pathogenesis. We and others have previously used N, N-dimethylglycine (DMG) and extracts from the New Zealand green-lipped mussel <it>Perna canaliculus </it>(Perna) as potent immunomodulators to modify ongoing immune and/or inflammatory responses.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In our initial studies, we treated lipopolysaccahride (LPS) stimulated THP-1 monocytes <it>in vitro </it>with increasing concentrations of Perna extract or DMG. Additionally, we treated rat peripheral blood neutrophils with increasing concentrations of Perna extract and measured superoxide burst. In subsequent <it>in vivo </it>experiments, CIA was induced by administration of type II collagen; rats were prophylactically treated with either Perna or DMG, and then followed for disease severity. Finally, to test whether Perna and/or DMG could block or inhibit an ongoing pathologic disease process, we induced CIA in mice and treated them therapeutically with either of the two immunomodulators.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Following LPS stimulation of THP-1 monocytes, we observed dose-dependent reductions in TNF-α and IL-12p40 production in Perna treated cultures. DMG treatment, however, showed significant increases in both of these cytokines in the range of 0.001–1 μM. We also demonstrate that <it>in vitro </it>neutrophil superoxide burst activity is dose-dependently reduced in the presence of Perna. Significant reductions in disease incidence, onset, and severity of CIA in rats were noted following prophylactic treatment with either of the two immunomodulators. More importantly, amelioration of mouse CIA was observed following therapeutic administration of Perna. In contrast, DMG appeared to have little effect in mice and may act in a species-specific manner.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data suggest that Perna, and perhaps DMG, may be useful supplements to the treatment of RA in humans.</p

CFD modeling of CO2-water two-phase flow in microchannels with mass transfer

Gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels has been the subject of increased research interest in the past few years. Microchannel reactors feature high surface to volume ratio, which greatly increase gas-liquid mass transfer and rapid heat transfer between the reactants. Microchannels have many critical applications, such as miniature heat exchangers, micro-scale process units, nuclear reactors. The development and implementation of micro-reactor technology provide new reaction pathways to find economical and environmentally benign solutions to chemical manufacturing. This work developed Eulerian–Volume of Fluid based numerical model using a commercial CFD code of Ansys Fluent to simulate CO2-H2O multiphase flow in micro-channels with mass transfer. The volumetric mass transfer coefficients of CO2 to water were determined from correlations developed from experiments. The flow regimes of gas-liquid two-phase flow, including bubble, slug, slug-annular, annular, and flow region transition were reported in the simulation. The effects of flow rate, wall wettability, channel width, and inlet configuration were simulated. The critical hydrodynamic parameters, including bubble length, bubble velocity, and pressure drop, were analyzed. Pressure drops simulated are in good agreement with available experimental data reported. The two-phase frictional multiplier was determined accordingly. The new correlation considering inlet conjunction angle were developed to predict bubble length. This work provides theoretical support for the design of new CO2 absorption processes

Synthesis of yttrium doped BiOF/RGO composite for visible light: Photocatalytic applications

In this present work, yttrium doped bismuth oxy fluoride/reduced graphene oxide (Y-BiOF/RGO) composite was synthesized using a simple solvothermal method. As synthesized composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The photocatalytic property was evaluated towards the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under the visible-light irradiation. The characterization results highlighted that the efficient incorporation of both yttrium ions and RGO greatly reduced the recombination rate of BiOF and extended the visible-light absorption ability. As synergistic effects, the prepared Y-BiOF/RGO composite exhibited maximum degradation rate of 98% in 360 min, which is 6.5 times higher than pure BiOF. The clear mechanism for the enhanced photo-activity by Y-BiOF/RGO was discussed. Keywords: BiOF, Graphene, Yttrium, Semiconductors, Visible light, Photocatalyst

Matrix-isolation FT-IR spectra and molecular orbital calculations on neutral N,N-dimethylglycine

The structures and vibrational spectra of the preferred conformers of the neutral form of N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) were studied by a combined approach, using DFT(B3LYP)/6-311++G** and MP2/6-31++G** calculations and low temperature matrix isolation IR spectroscopy. The conformational ground state was found to be the intramolecularly O–HN hydrogen-bonded GAT form, where the (lone pair)-N–C–C and N–C–CO dihedral angles are 30° (gauche; G) and ca. 180° (anti; A), respectively, and the carboxylic group assumes the trans (T) configuration (OC–O–H dihedral angle equal to 180°). The presence in the matrices of two additional conformers, where the carboxylic moiety assumes the most commonly found cis (C) conformation and the N–C–CO axis adopts the syn arrangement (the two conformers differ only in the positions of the methyl groups), could also be established. Observation of these conformers is in consonance with the theoretical predictions, which indicate that the observed conformers should differ in energy by less than 7 kJ mol−1. Full assignment of the observed infrared spectra of both DMG and its -OD isotopomer in Ar and Xe matrices was carried out on the basis of comparison with the theoretically predicted spectra and temperature variation experiments