Microbial monitoring of surface water in South Africa: an overview

Infrastructural problems force South African households to supplement their drinking water consumption from water resources of inadequate microbial quality. Microbial water quality monitoring is currently based on the Colilert®18 system which leads to rapidly available results. Using Escherichia coli as the indicator microorganism limits the influence of environmental sources on the reported results. The current system allows for understanding of long-term trends of microbial surface water quality and the related public health risks. However, rates of false positive for the Colilert®18-derived concentrations have been reported to range from 7.4% to 36.4%. At the same time, rates of false negative results vary from 3.5% to 12.5%; and the Colilert medium has been reported to provide for cultivation of only 56.8% of relevant strains. Identification of unknown sources of faecal contamination is not currently feasible. Based on literature review, calibration of the antibiotic-resistance spectra of Escherichia coli or the bifidobacterial tracking ratio should be investigated locally for potential implementation into the existing monitoring system. The current system could be too costly to implement in certain areas of South Africa where the modified H2S strip test might be used as a surrogate for the Colilert®18

EFL Teachers’ Strategies in Teaching Four Language Skills during Online Learning

Abstract: Education has changed intensely whereby teaching is undertaken remotely and on digital platforms. Challenges risen among the teachers to face the shifting mode of teaching from conventional to online activities. Hence, selecting the right strategy is needed to support the teaching activities. This research employed a multiple case study to determine how EFL teachers implemented strategies in teaching four language skills (speaking, listening, reading, and writing) during online learning. Three tools were applied in this research: Field Note, Interview and Archival Record Documents.Keywords: teaching strategy, language skill, online learningAbstrak: Pendidikan telah berubah secara dramatis dimana pengajaran dilakukan dari jarak jauh dan pada platform digital. Tantangan muncul di kalangan guru untuk menghadapi pergeseran mode pengajaran dari konvensional ke kegiatan daring. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan strategi yang tepat sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung kegiatan pengajaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa studi kasus untuk menentukan bagaimana guru EFL menerapkan strategi dalam mengajar empat keterampilan bahasa (berbicara, mendengarkan, membaca, dan menulis) selama pembelajaran daring. Tiga alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini: Catatan Lapangan, Wawancara dan Dokumen Arsip.Kata kunci: strategi pengajaran, keterampilan bahasa, pembelajaran onlin

The Development and Challenges in Health Care Policy and Health Care Financing in Contemporary China

Government policy, Regulation, Public health, Healthcare financing, I18,