Validation of Runway- An operant model developed to detect reinforcing effects in rats

SUMMARY Drugs of abuse becomes increasingly present in today’s affluent society. Immoderate drug abuse has risen to a deadly serious problem in today’s youth. Animal research with operant conditioning approach is one way of fathoming this problem and can contribute to gaining a clearer understanding of drug addiction. In order to establish an operandum for detecting reinforcing effects in rats we constructed an alley based on the idea of A. Ettenbergs Runway. The validation of the Runway was done step dy step. The first aim was to find the best food reinforcer [1.1] and to check if olfactory stimuli would provoke lokomotion in rats [1.2]. The construction of different-sized runways and modifications of Ettenbergs ideas[1.3] was the next step. Demonstration of reinforcing effects of food reinforcer[1.4] and morphine [1.5] was the last step. The analysis of effectiveness of food reinforcers showed that rats traverse an alley significantly faster when they have received roasted and salted peanuts or sweetened condensed milk. Based on these new findings sweetened condensed milk should be used as a reinforcer in following food reinforcment training sessions. Discriminatory influences of either an almond or an orange odor let rats locomote two times higher within the first minute, but not for a time of five minutes. There was no difference between the stimulation of locomotion and the two odors. The place of odor presentation had no influence on the stimulation of locomotion. The different dimensions of the runway did influence the rats’ running behaviour. The animals started to run through an alley earlier, when it was straight than when it had corners. A replacement of sliding doors by infrared beams was a definite improvement and reduced strongly disturbing influences. Accelerated food training worked in a straight runway (Fig 10). The same results were recorded in two- sessions per day training, but here some rats did not distinguish between the two sessions and ran two times faster (Fig. 9). The effects of subcutaneous morphine application was not as expected. The rats did not run significantly faster for morphine (Fig. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). Milk as a reinforcer was always a stronger reinforcer than opioids

Discursive strategies in Habsburg language policies in the late enlightenment – based on the example of folk schools in Galicia

Pod koniec XVIII wieku w monarchii habsburskiej doszło do zasadniczej zmiany w polityce językowej wobec szkolnictwa. Ustawa „Allgemeine Schulordnung” z 1774 roku wprowadziła obowiązkową naukę niemieckiego, co w wielojęzycznej monarchii wymagało środków propagandowych, które mogłyby uzasadnić zaniechanie sprawdzonych przez stulecia konwencji językowych, tj. rezygnację z ponadregionalnych języków komunikacji oraz łaciny jako języka uniwersalnego. W związku z rozpowszechnieniem języków słowiańskich w monarchii habsburskiej oraz wysokim statusem języków romańskich Wiedeń spodziewał się sprzeciwu wobec obowiązku nauki niemieckiego. W artykule przedstawiono strategie dyskursywne w habsburskiej polityce językowej, które były w użyciu od uchwalenia ustawy „Allgemeine Schulordnung” aż po jej zastąpienie przez „Politische Verfassung” (1806).At the end of the 18th century, in the Habsburg monarchy there was a fundamental change in the language profile of elementary education. The “Allgemeine Schulordnung” Act of 1774 brought compulsory German language education to schools in all provinces. This was contradictory to the established practice of teaching focused on the mother tongue and the language of religion. The introduction of German language required means of propaganda which would help to explain why linguistic conventions in the formof trans-regional languages of communication and Latin as a universal language, verified over the centuries in the Habsburg monarchy, were to be abandoned. The high status of Romance languages and widespread Slavic languages in the Habsburg monarchy led to expected resistance to the imposition of obligatory German language education. The article presents discursive strategies in the Habsburg language and educational policies that were in use after the enactment of the “Allgemeine Schulordnung” Act (1774) until its replacement by “Politische Verfassung” (1806)[email protected] w Białymstoku, Wydział Filologiczny, Katedra Językoznawstwa Porównawczego i StosowanegoEntwurf zur Einleitung des Unterrichtes an der Normalschule in Galizien, 5.11.1792, Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv Wien (AVA), StHK, Kt. 737, [brak paginacji].Instrukzion für Ortsschulaufseher in kleinen Märkten und Dörfern, 1793, Archiwum Diecezjalne w Tarnowie (ADT), zespół – Protocollum consistorii episcopalis Tarnoviensis 1793–1797.Koranda Chr. v., Ohnmaßgebige Gedanken über die sämmtliche kaiserl. Königl. Erbländer vorgeschriebene allgemeine Schulordnung zur Einrichtung der deutschen Normal- Haupt- und Trivialschulen und wie solche in dem Königreiche Galizien und Lodomerien einzuleiten wären, 1775, Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv Wien (AVA), StHk, Kt. 79, s. 59–68.Protokoll über die den 21. und 28. Jänner 1791 gehaltenen Zusammentretungen die Begehren der galizischen ständischen Deputation befasst, Fond 5, Dział I, Rękopisy Biblioteki Zakładu Narodowego im. Ossolińskich we Wrocławiu (Ossolineum), w formie cyfrowej: DE-660, s. 676–701.Adelung J. Chr., Deutsche Sprachlehre. Zum Gebrauche der Schulen in den Königl. Preuß. Landen, Berlin 1781.Antesperg J. B. v., Die Kayserliche Deutsche Grammatick, Oder Kunst, die deutsche Sprache recht zureden, Und ohne Fehler zu schreiben. Mit zulaenglichen Vor- und Anmerkungen, Zum Nutzen Des gemeinen Wesens, und denen welche des regelmaeßigen Verstandes und reinen Ausdruckes in eigener Sprache maechtig seyn wollen, oder ihres Amtes und Geschäfte halber seyn sollen. In vier Theilen, samt einem Examine, Wien [1747].Antesperg J. B. v., Des Wohleingerichteten Oesterreichischen Lehrbüchleins In Zweyerley Schriften. Zum rechten Anfang der Deutschen Schulen und schönen Wissenschaften. Erster Theil, Wien [ok.] 1750.Einige Hilfsmittel durch deren Gebrauch und Anwendung die Erlernung der deutschen Sprache sowohl in urspr ¨unglich b¨ohmischen Schulen, als auch beym Priatunterrichte, erleichtert und befördert wird, Prag 1779.Felbiger J. I. M. v., Methodenbuch für Lehrer der deutschen Schulen in den kaiserlich-königlichen Erbländern, [...] um der Schulordnung das gehörige Genügen zu leisten, Wien 1775.Gottsched J. Chr., Grundlegung einer deutschen Sprachkunst, Leipzig 1752.Janković Th., Nothwendiges Handbuch für Schulmeister der illyrischen nicht unirten Trivial-Schulen in den kais. königlichen Erblanden, Zweyter Theil, Wien 1776.Ratio Educationis Totiusque Rei Literariae Per Regnum Hungariae Et Provincias Eidem Adnexas. Tomus I, Wien 1777.Seibt K. H., Von dem Einflusse der Erziehung auf die Glückseligkeit des Staats. Eine Rede von Karl Heinrich Seibt, Prof. der schönen Wissenschaften und der Moral zu Prag zum Eingange seiner Vorlesungen über die Erziehungskunst gehalten, Prag 1771.Wohlfeil K., Anleitung zur deutschen Sprachlehre – von Kasimir Wohlfeil, Direktor der k. k. Lemberger Normalschule, verfaßt, Lemberg 1795.Wohlfeil K., Kasimir Wohlfeils deutsche Sprachlehre, Lemberg 1797.Wohlfeil K., Kasimir Wohlfeils deutsche Sprachlehre, Krakau 1803.Wohlfeil K., Rede bei Eröffnung der ersten Vorlesungen über Pädagogik und Katechetik von Kasimir Wohlfeil Oberaufseher des West-Galizischen bürgerlichen Schulwesens zu Krakau in einer Versammlung zahlreicher Zuhörer aus den ausgezeichnetesten Ständen am 15. des Jänners 1802, vorgetragen, / Mowa na otwarcie ćwiczeń nauczycielskich i katechicznych [...] w przytomności licznie zgromadzonych i naypoważnieyszych Gości w Krakowie dnia 5. Stycznia 1802, miana”, Krakau 1802.Donnermair Chr., Die staatliche Übernahme des Primarschulwesens im 19. Jahrhundert: Maßnahmen und Intentionen. Vergleich Frankreich – Österreich, Wien 2010.Faulstich K., Konzepte des Hochdeutschen: Der Sprachnormierungsdiskurs im 18. Jahrhundert, Berlin 2008.Fuhrmann M., Latein und Europa – Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts in Europa von Karl dem Großen bis Wilhelm II., Köln 2001.Funke E., Bücher statt Prügel. Zur philanthropistischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur, Bielefeld 1988.Gant B., ’National-Erziehung’: Überwachung als Prinzip. Österreichische Bildungspolitik im Zeichen von Absolutismus und Aufklärung, [w:] Josephinismus als aufgeklärter, H. Reinalter (red.), Wien – Köln – Weimar 2008, s. 97–124.Gardt A., Sprachreflexion in Barock und Frühaufklärung – Entwürfe von Böhme bis Leibniz, Berlin – New York 1994.Gardt A., Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft in Deutschland. Vom Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert, Berlin – New York 1999.Glück H., Deutsch als Fremdsprache in Europa vom Mittelalter bis zur Barockzeit, Berlin – New York 2002.Glück H., Die Fremdsprache Deutsch im Jahrhundert der Aufklärung, der Klassik und der Romantik, Wiesbaden 2013.Harbig A. M., Der Deutschunterricht der galizischen Volksschulen im Spiegel der Lemberger Lehrerberatung von 1793, [w:] Die Fremdsprache Deutsch in Polen: Anfänge, Gegenwart, Perspektiven, K. Mihułka, M. Sieradzka, R. Budziak (red.), Rzeszów 2016, s. 23–41.Härle G., Reinheit der Sprache, des Herzens und des Leibes. Zur Wirkungsgeschichte des rhetorischen Begriffs »puritas« in Deutschland von der Reformation bis zur Aufklärung, Tübingen 1996.Haßler G., Neis C., Lexikon sprachtheoretischer Grundbegriffe des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, t. 1, Berlin – New York 2009.Haßler G., Sprache als Merkmal des Menschen in der Aufklärung, [w:] Aufklärung im Dialog. Eine deutsch-chinesische Annäherung, Stiftung Mercator (red.), Essen 2013, s. 95–110.Klein W. P., Die deutsche Sprache in der Gelehrsamkeit der frühen Neuzeit. Von der lingua barbarica zur HaubtSprache, [w:] Diskurse der Gelehrtenkultur in der Frühen Neuzeit, H. Jaumann (red.), Berlin – New York 2011, s. 465–516.Knobloch C., Sprachauffassungen. Studien zur Ideengeschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, Frankfurt/M. 2011.Kovács T., Lenhart, R., Deutschlernen in den ungarischen Ländern vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1920, Bamberg 2013.Kuhfuß W., Eine Kulturgeschichte des Französischunterrichts in der frühen Neuzeit. Französischlernen am Fürstenhof, auf dem Marktplatz und in der Schule in Deutschland, Göttingen 2014.Polenz P. v., Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, t. 2, Berlin – New York 1994.Ricken U., Sprachtheorie und Weltanschauung in der europäischen Aufklärung, Berlin 1990.Roelcke Th., Das Italienische in der deutschen Sprachreflexion des Barock und der Aufklärung , [w:] “L’ Analisi Linguistica E Lettaria” 2011, XIX, s. 269–310.Roelcke Th., Latein, Griechisch, Hebräisch. Studien und Dokumentationen zur deutschen Sprachreflexion in Barock und Aufklärung, Berlin – Boston 2014.Szàsz F., Deutschunterricht in Ungarn im Zeichen des aufgeklärten Absolutismus, [w:] “Berliner Beiträge zur Hungarologie” 1990, 5, s. 171–186.Stukenbrock A., Sprachnationalismus – Sprachreflexion als Medium kollektiver Identitätsstiftung in Deutschland (1617–1945), Berlin – New York 2005.Schmale W., Allgemeine Einleitung: Revolution des Wissens? Versuch eines Problemaufrisses über Europa und seine Schulen im Zeitalter der Aufklärung, [w:] Revolution des Wissens? Europa und seine Schulen im Zeitalter der Aufklärung (1750–1825) – ein Handbuch zur europäischen Schulgeschichte, W. Schmale, N. L. Dodde (red.), Bochum 1991, s. 1–46.Schreiner S., Sprachenlernen in Lebensgeschichten der Goethezeit, München 1992.Weiß A., Felbigers Kommentar zum österreichischen Lesebuche, [w:] “Beiträge zur österreichischen Erziehungs- und Schulgeschichte” 1905, VI, s. 83–126.Wiesinger P., Die sprachlichen Verhältnisse und der Weg zur allgemeinen deutschen Schriftsprache in Österreich im 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert, [w:] Sprachgeschichte des Neuhochdeutschen – Gegenstände, Methoden, Theorien, A. Gardt, J. K. Mattheier, O. Reichmann (red.), Tübingen 1995, s. 319–368.Wiesinger P., Das österreichische Deutsch in Gegenwart und Geschichte, Münster 2008.23638

Methodology to Determine Melt Pool Anomalies in Powder Bed Fusion of Metals Using a Laser Beam by Means of Process Monitoring and Sensor Data Fusion

Additive manufacturing, in particular the powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam, has a wide range of possible technical applications. Especially for safety-critical applications, a quality assurance of the components is indispensable. However, time-consuming and costly quality assurance measures, such as computer tomography, represent a barrier for further industrial spreading. For this reason, alternative methods for process anomaly detection using process monitoring systems have been developed. However, the defect detection quality of current methods is limited, as single monitoring systems only detect specific process anomalies. Therefore, a new methodology to evaluate the data of multiple monitoring systems is derived using sensor data fusion. Focus was placed on the causes and the appearance of defects in different monitoring systems (photodiodes, on- and off-axis high-speed cameras, and thermography). Based on this, indicators representing characteristics of the process were developed to reduce the data. Finally, deterministic models for the data fusion within a monitoring system and between the monitoring systems were developed. The result was a defect detection of up to 92% of the melt track defects. The methodology was thus able to determine process anomalies and to evaluate the suitability of a specific process monitoring system for the defect detection

PLANdbAffy: probe-level annotation database for Affymetrix expression microarrays

Standard Affymetrix technology evaluates gene expression by measuring the intensity of mRNA hybridization with a panel of the 25-mer oligonucleotide probes, and summarizing the probe signal intensities by a robust average method. However, in many cases, signal intensity of the probe does not correlate with gene expression. This could be due to the hybridization of the probe to a transcript of another gene, mapping of the probe to an intron, alternative splicing, single nucleotide polymorphisms and other reasons. We have developed a database, PLANdbAffy (available at http://affymetrix2.bioinf.fbb.msu.ru), that contains the results of the alignment of probe sequences from five Affymetrix expression microarrays to the human genome. We have determined the probes matching the transcript-coding regions in the correct orientation. For each such probe alignment region, we determined the mRNA and EST sequences that contain the probe sequence. In the textual part of the database interface we summarize the data on the sequences that cover the probe alignment region and SNPs that are located inside it. The graphical part of our database interface is implemented as custom tracks to the UCSC genome browser that allows one to utilize all the data that are offered by UCSC browser

Hybridization interactions between probesets in short oligo microarrays lead to spurious correlations

BACKGROUND: Microarrays measure the binding of nucleotide sequences to a set of sequence specific probes. This information is combined with annotation specifying the relationship between probes and targets and used to make inferences about transcript- and, ultimately, gene expression. In some situations, a probe is capable of hybridizing to more than one transcript, in others, multiple probes can target a single sequence. These 'multiply targeted' probes can result in non-independence between measured expression levels. RESULTS: An analysis of these relationships for Affymetrix arrays considered both the extent and influence of exact matches between probe and transcript sequences. For the popular HGU133A array, approximately half of the probesets were found to interact in this way. Both real and simulated expression datasets were used to examine how these effects influenced the expression signal. It was found not only to lead to increased signal strength for the affected probesets, but the major effect is to significantly increase their correlation, even in situations when only a single probe from a probeset was involved. By building a network of probe-probeset-transcript relationships, it is possible to identify families of interacting probesets. More than 10% of the families contain members annotated to different genes or even different Unigene clusters. Within a family, a mixture of genuine biological and artefactual correlations can occur. CONCLUSION: Multiple targeting is not only prevalent, but also significant. The ability of probesets to hybridize to more than one gene product can lead to false positives when analysing gene expression. Comprehensive annotation describing multiple targeting is required when interpreting array data

Interpretation of multiple probe sets mapping to the same gene in Affymetrix GeneChips

BACKGROUND: Affymetrix GeneChip technology enables the parallel observations of tens of thousands of genes. It is important that the probe set annotations are reliable so that biological inferences can be made about genes which undergo differential expression. Probe sets representing the same gene might be expected to show similar fold changes/z-scores, however this is in fact not the case. RESULTS: We have made a case study of the mouse Surf4, chosen because it is a gene that was reported to be represented by the same eight probe sets on the MOE430A array by both Affymetrix and Bioconductor in early 2004. Only five of the probe sets actually detect Surf4 transcripts. Two of the probe sets detect splice variants of Surf2. We have also studied the expression changes of the eight probe sets in a public-domain microarray experiment. The transcripts for Surf4 are correlated in time, and similarly the transcripts for Surf2 are also correlated in time. However, the transcripts for Surf4 and Surf2 are not correlated. This proof of principle shows that observations of expression can be used to confirm, or otherwise, annotation discrepancies. We have also investigated groups of probe sets on the RAE230A array that are assigned to the same LocusID, but which show large variances in differential expression in any one of three different experiments on rat. The probe set groups with high variances are found to represent cases of alternative splicing, use of alternative poly(A) signals, or incorrect annotations. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that some probe sets should not be considered as unique measures of transcription, because the individual probes map to more than one transcript dependent upon the biological condition. Our results highlight the need for care when assessing whether groups of probe sets all measure the same transcript

Transcript-Specific Expression Profiles Derived from Sequence-Based Analysis of Standard Microarrays

Background: Alternative mRNA processing mechanisms lead to multiple transcripts (i.e. splice isoforms) of a given gene which may have distinct biological functions. Microarrays like Affymetrix GeneChips measure mRNA expression of genes using sets of nucleotide probes. Until recently probe sets were not designed for transcript specificity. Nevertheless, the reanalysis of established microarray data using newly defined transcript-specific probe sets may provide information about expression levels of specific transcripts. Methodology/Principal Findings: In the present study alignment of probe sequences of the Affymetrix microarray HGU133A with Ensembl transcript sequences was performed to define transcript-specific probe sets. Out of a total of 247,965 perfect match probes, 95,008 were designated ‘‘transcript-specific’’, i.e. showing complete sequence alignment, no crosshybridization, and transcript-, not only gene-specificity. These probes were grouped into 7,941 transcript-specific probe sets and 15,619 gene-specific probe sets, respectively. The former were used to differentiate 445 alternative transcripts of 215 genes. For selected transcripts, predicted by this analysis to be differentially expressed in the human kidney, confirmatory real-time RT-PCR experiments were performed. First, the expression of two specific transcripts of the genes PPM1A (PP2CA_HUMAN and P35813) and PLG (PLMN_HUMAN and Q5TEH5) in human kidneys was determined by the transcriptspecific array analysis and confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Secondly, disease-specific differential expression of single transcripts of PLG and ABCA1 (ABCA1_HUMAN and Q5VYS0_HUMAN) was computed from the available array data sets and confirmed by transcript-specific real-time RT-PCR. Conclusions: Transcript-specific analysis of microarray experiments can be employed to study gene-regulation on the transcript level using conventional microarray data. In this study, predictions based on sufficient probe set size and foldchange are confirmed by independent mean