297 research outputs found
Demandes et ressources de travail, stress, engagement et intention de quitter : comparaison entre les travailleurs ùgés et les jeunes travailleurs
En Belgique, le taux dâemploi des travailleurs ĂągĂ©s est un des plus faibles de toute lâEurope. Cela constitue un problĂšme tant au niveau Ă©conomique que social (Griffiths, 1997 ; Kilbom, 1999). Cette nouvelle problĂ©matique est le point de dĂ©part de recherches visant Ă identifier ce qui pousse les travailleurs Ă quitter prĂ©cocement le lieu de travail. Se basant sur le modĂšle âJob Demands Resources (JDR) Modelâ (e.g. Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner & Schaufeli, 2001; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004), une Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© conduite afin dâidentifier les raisons de dĂ©part (Griffeth, Hom & Gaertner, 2000). Il sâagit Ă©galement dâĂ©tudier le rĂŽle du stress et de lâengagement dans lâexplication de ces retraits prĂ©coces. Le but est de comparer un modĂšle dâexplication du turnover pour trois classes dâĂąges ; les jeunes travailleurs, les travailleurs dâĂąge moyen et les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s.
Un questionnaire a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© afin dâidentifier les raisons de dĂ©part des travailleurs. Quatre facteurs de dĂ©part sont considĂ©rĂ©s dans cette dimension trans-gĂ©nĂ©rationnelle. Deux dâentre eux concernent les ressources de travail, soit le manque de ressources, le manque de dĂ©veloppement personnel, et les deux autres concernent les demandes du travail, soit la pression et les changements organisationnels. Une mesure du stress, de lâengagement et de lâintention de quitter a aussi Ă©tĂ© inclue. Au total, 11 entreprises belges ont participĂ© Ă cette enquĂȘte, ce qui correspond Ă 1772 questionnaires.
Les rĂ©sultats montrent que le manque de dĂ©veloppement personnel et les changements expliquent directement lâintention de quitter pour les jeunes et les travailleurs dâĂąge moyen. Par contre, le manque de ressources explique directement lâintention de quitter pour les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s. Le stress et lâengagement jouent un rĂŽle important dans lâexplication de lâintention de quitter pour les trois groupes dâĂąges. La pression et le manque de ressources expliquent le stress. Le manque de ressources, le manque de dĂ©veloppement personnel et la pression ont un impact sur lâengagement. Les changements organisationnels nâexpliquent pas le stress. Pour les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s, le manque de ressources nâaffecte pas lâengagement.
En conclusion, le manque de dĂ©veloppement personnel et les changements organisationnels ont plus dâimpact au dĂ©but de la carriĂšre et le manque de ressources est un problĂšme qui concerne davantage les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s. LâĂ©tat psychologique et lâĂ©valuation des conditions de travail sont trĂšs importants pour toutes les classes dâĂąge dans la dĂ©cision du retrait.Peer reviewe
Employees' Organizational Identification and Affective Organizational Commitment: An integrative approach
Although several studies have empirically supported the distinction between organizational identification (OI) and affective commitment (AC), there is still disagreement regarding how they are related. Precisely, little attention has been given to the direction of causality between these two constructs and as to why they have common antecedents and outcomes. This research was designed to fill these gaps. Using a cross-lagged panel design with two measurement times, Study 1 examined the directionality of the relationship between OI and AC, and showed that OI is positively related to temporal change in AC, confirming the antecedence of OI on AC. Using a cross-sectional design, Study 2 investigated the mediating role of OI in the relationship between three work experiences (i.e., perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and job autonomy) and AC, and found that OI partially mediates the influence of work experiences on AC. Finally, Study 3 examined longitudinally how OI and AC combine in the prediction of actual turnover, and showed that AC totally mediates the relationship between OI and turnover. Overall, these findings suggest that favorable work experiences operate via OI to increase employees' AC that, in turn, decreases employee turnover
Numéro 164 - Juin 2021
Dans ce numĂ©ro spĂ©cial de Regards Ă©conomiques, trois expertises dialoguent afin dâoffrir une comprĂ©hension multidisciplinaire du «tĂ©lĂ©travail» aujourdâhui et demain :
Dâun point de vue Ă©conomique, la question clĂ© demeure celle de lâincidence dâune pratique intensive de tĂ©lĂ©travail Ă domicile sur la mobilitĂ©, les villes et lâĂ©conomie dans son ensemble. Le gain espĂ©rĂ© de productivitĂ© au travail sous-tend le dĂ©veloppement du tĂ©lĂ©travail. Souvent dĂ©clarĂ©, mais rarement mesurĂ© de façon prĂ©cise, des rares Ă©tudes montrent nĂ©anmoins une relation de cause Ă effet entre la pratique du travail Ă domicile et un surcroĂźt de productivitĂ© au travail. Mais, quâen sera-t-il demain sur le long terme ? Et quel impact une pratique plus forte du tĂ©lĂ©travail peut-elle avoir sur la demande et lâoffre immobiliĂšres dans les villes et sur les marchĂ©s locaux du travail ? Ce sont quelques-unes des analyses dĂ©veloppĂ©es par Jacques-François Thisse, professeur Ă©mĂ©rite dâĂ©conomie Ă lâUCLouvain.
Du point de vue des organisations et du management, la pratique du tĂ©lĂ©travail a conduit Ă revisiter les processus de rĂ©gulation du rapport au travail (tels que le contrĂŽle et lâautonomie au travail, les styles de management, lâidentitĂ© au travail, la productivitĂ© et lâĂ©quilibre entre sphĂšres privĂ©e et professionnelle). Autre enjeu pour les entreprises ? La gestion de la distance sur les comportements au travail (notamment lâhyper connexion ou lâinvisibilisation). Selon Laurent Taskin, professeur en sciences de gestion Ă lâUCLouvain, le futur verra sâintensifier le tĂ©lĂ©travail. Lâenjeu organisationnel et managĂ©rial clĂ© de lâaprĂšs-covid sera donc de rĂ©inventer de nouvelles routines de travail autour de la prĂ©sence, lĂ oĂč câĂ©tait la distance qui Ă©tait rĂ©gulĂ©e avant la crise covid. Câest cette rĂ©flexion qui permettra de prĂ©server et valoriser lâinnovation, la crĂ©ativitĂ© et la socialisation.
Du point de vue des individus, les recherches sur le tĂ©lĂ©travail ont identifiĂ© de longue date des effets plutĂŽt positifs en termes de satisfaction, de motivation, de bien-ĂȘtre ou de fidĂ©lisation, justifiant une demande, de la part des travailleurs, pour ce type dâarrangement. Se basant sur une enquĂȘte menĂ©e durant le premier confinement en Belgique, Isabelle Hansez, professeure de psychologie Ă lâULiĂšge, offre une perspective nuancĂ©e des conditions de la pratique du tĂ©lĂ©travail durant le confinement et des perspectives affichĂ©es par les personnes sondĂ©es. Plus que jamais, semble-t-il, la dimension du bien-ĂȘtre au travail semble clĂ© dans la valorisation du tĂ©lĂ©travail par les individus et montre aussi les disparitĂ©s de situations (familiale, professionnelle) qui amĂšnent Ă apprĂ©cier diffĂ©remment la flexibilitĂ© offerte par le tĂ©lĂ©travail.
Ces trois regards se complĂštent et permettent, in fine, dâidentifier les Ă©quilibres et les tensions qui caractĂ©risent le dĂ©veloppement du tĂ©lĂ©travail. Et donner des pistes qui pourront satisfaire Ă la fois les travailleurs, les managers, les entreprises et les acteurs qui vivent de la prĂ©sence des travailleurs sur leur lieu de travail (commerces, services, entretienâŠ) ? Voici les principaux enseignements et recommandations des trois scientifiques :
Lâaccroissement de productivitĂ© dĂ» Ă la pratique du tĂ©lĂ©travail est liĂ© Ă sa frĂ©quence : au-delĂ de deux jours par semaine ou de 50% du temps de travail, lâimpact sur la productivitĂ© sâattĂ©nue ;
Le dĂ©veloppement du tĂ©lĂ©travail peut potentiellement modifier la consommation dâespace de bureau (dĂ©croissance) et domestique (croissance), dans un mouvement qui risque de dĂ©vitaliser les centres urbains et dâaffaires ;
La pratique plus intensive du tĂ©lĂ©travail menace lâexistence de communautĂ©s de travail au sein des organisations, au profit de liens plus formels et instrumentaux avec lâorganisation et les collectifs de travail ;
Pour les travailleurs, la pratique du tĂ©lĂ©travail est source de satisfactions (autonomie, flexibilitĂ©, par exemple) mais aussi dâinconfort (ergonomie, conflit privĂ©-professionnel, ambiguĂŻtĂ© des attentes, par exemple) ;
Les politiques publiques doivent dâurgence proposer des solutions de mobilitĂ© afin de faciliter lâaccĂšs aux centres urbains, pour les travailleurs, et juguler une potentielle dĂ©sertion de ceux-ci par les quartiers dâaffaireâla mobilitĂ© Ă©tant le premier facteur de choix pour le tĂ©lĂ©travail ;
Les employeurs doivent formaliser la possibilitĂ© de tĂ©lĂ©travail dans des accords collectifs nĂ©gociĂ©s et permettre Ă leurs salariĂ©s dâĂȘtre dans de bonnes conditions de travail Ă domicile, a fortiori si le tĂ©lĂ©travail fait lâobjet dâune politique organisationnelle ou de gestion des ressources humaines ;
Le management doit rĂ©guler la prĂ©sence des Ă©quipes de travail en tenant compte de leurs rĂ©alitĂ©s propres (activitĂ©s, par exemple) afin de prĂ©server les liens sociaux, garants dâune performance de long terme ;
Les travailleurs sont invités à organiser leurs temps et leurs espaces privé et professionnel de sorte à permettre une conciliation harmonieuse
Diagnostic Performances of an Occupational Burnout Detection Method Designed for Healthcare Professionals.
We aimed to assess the validity (criterion and cross-cultural validity) and reliability of the first occupational burnout (OB) detection tool designed for healthcare professionals in Belgium in the context of Swiss medical practice.
First, we assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the Tool. We developed this tool based on the consultation reports of 42 patients and compared its detection to the results of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), filled-in by patients before a consultation. Second, we performed an inter-rater reliability (IRR) assessment on the OB symptoms and detection reached by the Tool between a psychiatrist, two psychologists, and an occupational physician.
The Tool correctly identified over 80% of patients with OB, regardless of the cutoff value used for OLBI scores, reflecting its high sensitivity. Conversely, its specificity strongly varied depending on the OLBI cutoff. There was a slight to fair overall agreement between the four raters on the detection of OB and the number of OB symptoms. Around 41% of symptoms showed a substantial to an almost perfect agreement, and 36% showed a slight to a moderate agreement.
The Tool seems useful for identifying OB of moderate and strong severity in both the Belgian and Swiss contexts
Interest of a Joint Use of Two Diagnostic Tools of Burnout: Comparison between the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and the Early Detection Tool of Burnout Completed by Physicians
peer reviewedMost research on burnout is based on self-reported questionnaires. Nevertheless, as far as the clinical judgement is concerned, a lack of consensus about burnout diagnosis constitutes a risk of misdiagnosis. Hence, this study aims to assess the added value of a joint use of two tools and compare their diagnostic accuracy: (1) the early detection tool of burnout, a structured interview guide, and (2) the Oldenburg burnout inventory, a self-reported questionnaire. The interview guide was tested in 2019 by general practitioners and occupational physicians among 123 Belgian patients, who also completed the self-reported questionnaire. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis allowed the identification of a cut-off score for the self-reported questionnaire. Diagnostic accuracy was then contrasted by a McNemar chi-squared test. The interview guide has a significantly higher sensitivity (0.76) than the self-reported questionnaire (0.70), even by comparing the self-reported questionnaires with the interviews of general practitioners and occupational physicians separately. However, both tools have a similar specificity (respectively, 0.60â0.67), except for the occupational physiciansâ interviews, where the specificity (0.68) was significantly lower than the self-reported questionnaire (0.70). In conclusion, the early detection tool of burnout is more sensitive than the Oldenburg burnout inventory, but seems less specific. However, by crossing diagnoses reported by patients and by physicians, they both seem useful to support burnout diagnosis
Verbfeldstrukturen
<p>Study 1: Descriptive Statistics and Intercorrelations Among Variables.</p
Occupational stress, work-home interference and burnout among Belgian veterinary practitioners
There have been few formal studies on stress in veterinary surgeons and, in the rare studies available, stress is not examined jointly through the levels of job strain and job engagement, the sources of stress in the issue of work environment and the work-home interference. The authors' goal in this study was to analyse job engagement, job strain, burnout, work-home interference and job stress factors among 216 Belgian veterinary surgeons. Rural practice was compared to small animal and mixed activity. The mean job strain and job engagement level in veterinary surgeons was not higher than what we found in other working populations. However, 15.6% of the group were found to be suffering from high burnout. Rural practitioners had a lower level of job engagement than small animal veterinary surgeons. These small animal practitioners had a lower level of job strain than the mixed practitioners. The level of burnout did not differ significantly across the three types of activity. In comparison to other Belgian and Dutch workers, veterinary surgeons perceived more negative work-home interference. Bovine and mixed practitioners were the most concerned with this problem. The two most important sources of stress reported by bovine practitioners were relations to farmers and working time management (including emergencies and availability)
Assessment of burnout in veterinary medical students using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educational Survey: a survey during two semesters
BACKGROUND: Burnout among veterinary students can result from known stressors in the absence of a support system. The objectives of this study were to evaluate use of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educator Survey (MBI-ES) to assess burnout in veterinary students and evaluate the factors that predict the MBI-ES scores. METHODS: The MBI-ES was administered to first (Class of 2016) and second year (Class of 2015) veterinary medical students during the 2012-2013 academic year in the fall and spring semesters. Factor analysis and test reliability for the survey were determined. Mean scores for the subscales determining burnout namely emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and lack of personal accomplishment (PA) were calculated for both classes in the 2 semesters. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate other factors that predict the MBI-ES scores. RESULTS: A non-probability sampling method was implemented consisting of a voluntary sample of 170 and 123 students in the fall and spring semesters, respectively. Scores for EE, DP and PA were not different between the 2 classes within the same semester. Meanâ±âSD scores for EE, DP and PA for the fall semester were 22.9â±â9.6, 5.0â±â4.8 and 32.3â±â6.7, respectively. Meanâ±âSD scores for EE, DP and PA the spring semester were 27.8â±â10.7, 6.5â±â6.1and 31.7â±â6.8, respectively. The EE score was higher in spring compared to fall while DP and PA scores were not different between the 2 semesters. Living arrangements specifically as to whether or not a student lived with another veterinary medical students was the only variable significantly associated with the MBI-ES scores. Students in this study had moderate levels of burnout based on the MBI-ES scores. CONCLUSIONS: The MBI-ES was an acceptable instrument for assessing burnout in veterinary medical students. The EE scores were higher in the spring semester as compared to the fall semester. Thus students in the first and second years of veterinary school under the current curriculum experience the greatest levels of emotional exhaustion during the spring semester. This has administrative implications for the school, when considering the allocation and use of resources for student support systems during each semester
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