Die anatomie van taal beplanning

In this paper it is argued that there should be a clear distinction between language planning (LP) and the emotional approach to the development of language. Within the framework of modern theory of LP three types of LP are distinguished and described: Corpus planning, status planning and resource planning. Although these are interrelated in practice they are discussed separately with reference to the different stages of LP. It is argued that LP is a future-orientated, problem-related process. As main goal it has the solving of language problems and it is therefore aimed at the manipulation of language change. Language is, however, closely related to human behaviour and LP must consider socio-political factors. Language is a form of social behaviour and therefore LP is a form of socio -political planning

Hoe Afrikaans is Afrikaans-Nederlands?*

The present position of the leaching of Afrikaans linguistics within a Depart­ment of Afrikaans-Nederlands is discussed. Three major problems in the tuition of Afrikaans at the university are identified: (a) an over-emphasis on theoretical linguistics leads to a course in general linguistics rather than a course of Afrikaans;(b) the time and effort devoted to the teaching of Dutch as a major part of the course denies the independence of Afrikaans as a scientific dis­cipline, and(c) the almost total failure to teach Afrikaans as it should be used and is used in everyday speech and writing results in the handing over of graduated students to the profession without their having a proper knowledge of Afrikaans-in-use

Drie benaderingswyses in die moderne taalwetenskap: 'n Metodologiese besinning

The author refers to the three main approaches to be distinguished in linguistics in the twentieth century: Halliday's distinction of transformational generative, non-textual and textual approaches. The author intends in the course of the paper to distinguish three fundamental approaches, viz. Structuralism. Functionalism and Transformational-generativism. These three trends in linguistics will be seen as methods about which methodological judgements may be made. A distinction will be drawn between method and methodology. The three approaches are then critically examined by way of examples

Uit die oogpunt van die buitestander: Die rol van identiteit en ruimte in die skep van ’n gemeenskapseie jeugnovelle

The reading habits (or lack thereof) of adolescents in South Africa, like those in the rest of the world, are reason for concern. The fact that adolescents read distressingly little can be attributed to different reasons. It may be because of a lack of skill and interest, or because there is a dearth of texts with which they can identify. If more texts were created in which adolescents can identify with the spaces and identities portrayed, the reading statistics in South Africa may shift positively. However, at present not all communities and voices in the country are represented by a diversity of writers, especially writers of youth literature. In the Afrikaans speaking coloured community of Promosa, Potchefstroom, the same tendency is found. Although it is ideal that these communities should be represented by their own writers, who know them best, this is not always the case. Is it therefore possible for an outsider to create a youth novel for a specific target group with which they (the adolescents of Promosa) will identify

esys-Escript User’s Guide: Solving Partial Differential Equations with Escript and Finley Release - 3.4.2 (r4925)

esys.escript is a python-based environment for implementing mathematical models, in particular those based on coupled, non-linear, time-dependent partial differential equations. It consists of five major components • esys.escript core library • finite element solver esys.finley (which uses fast vendor-supplied solvers or our paso linear solver library) • the meshing interface esys.pycad • a model library. • an inversion library. The current version supports parallelization through both MPI for distributed memory and OpenMP for shared memory. In this release there are a number of small changes which are not backwards compatible. Please see Appendix B to see if your scripts will be affected. If you use this software in your research, then we would appreciate (but do not require) a citation. Some relevant references can be found in Appendix D. For Python 3 support, see Appendix E

esys-Escript User’s Guide: Solving Partial Differential Equations with Escript and Finley Release - 4.0 (r5402)

esys.escript is a python-based environment for implementing mathematical models, in particular those based on coupled, non-linear, time-dependent partial differential equations. It consists of five major components: • esys.escript core library • finite element solvers esys.finley, esys.dudley, esys.ripley, and esys.speckley (which use fast vendor-supplied solvers or the included PASO linear solver library) • the meshing interface esys.pycad • a model library • an inversion module. All esys.escript modules should work under both python 2 and python 3, see Appendix E. The current version supports parallelization through MPI for distributed memory, OpenMP for shared memory on CPUs, as well as CUDA for some GPU-based solvers. This release comes with some significant changes and new features. Please see Appendix B for a detailed list. If you use this software in your research, then we would appreciate (but do not require) a citation. Some relevant references can be found in Appendix D

Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium.

BACKGROUND The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to analyse the incidence and distribution of these diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 2 years preceding the pandemic. METHODS For this prospective analysis, laboratories in 30 countries and territories representing five continents submitted surveillance data from Jan 1, 2018, to Jan 2, 2022, to private projects within databases in PubMLST. The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on the overall number of cases was analysed, and changes in disease distributions by patient age and serotype or group were examined. Interrupted time-series analyses were done to quantify the impact of pandemic response measures and their relaxation on disease rates, and autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to estimate effect sizes and forecast counterfactual trends by hemisphere. FINDINGS Overall, 116 841 cases were analysed: 76 481 in 2018-19, before the pandemic, and 40 360 in 2020-21, during the pandemic. During the pandemic there was a significant reduction in the risk of disease caused by S pneumoniae (risk ratio 0·47; 95% CI 0·40-0·55), H influenzae (0·51; 0·40-0·66) and N meningitidis (0·26; 0·21-0·31), while no significant changes were observed for S agalactiae (1·02; 0·75-1·40), which is not transmitted via the respiratory route. No major changes in the distribution of cases were observed when stratified by patient age or serotype or group. An estimated 36 289 (95% prediction interval 17 145-55 434) cases of invasive bacterial disease were averted during the first 2 years of the pandemic among IRIS-participating countries and territories. INTERPRETATION COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a sustained decrease in the incidence of invasive disease caused by S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis during the first 2 years of the pandemic, but cases began to increase in some countries towards the end of 2021 as pandemic restrictions were lifted. These IRIS data provide a better understanding of microbial transmission, will inform vaccine development and implementation, and can contribute to health-care service planning and provision of policies. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Research Council, German Federal Ministry of Health, Robert Koch Institute, Pfizer, Merck, and the Greek National Public Health Organization

Standards in semen examination:publishing reproducible and reliable data based on high-quality methodology

Biomedical science is rapidly developing in terms of more transparency, openness and reproducibility of scientific publications. This is even more important for all studies that are based on results from basic semen examination. Recently two concordant documents have been published: the 6th edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, and the International Standard ISO 23162:2021. With these tools, we propose that authors should be instructed to follow these laboratory methods in order to publish studies in peer-reviewed journals, preferable by using a checklist as suggested in an Appendix to this article.Peer reviewe