The relationship between deprivation and frailty trajectories over 1 year and at the end of life: A case-control study

Background: We investigated the association between area-level, multi-domain deprivation and frailty trajectories in the last year of life and over 1 year in a matched non-end-of-life sample. Methods: A 1-year longitudinal case-control study using primary care electronic health records from 20 460 people age ≥ 75. Cases (died 1 January 2015 to 1 January 2016) were 1:1 matched to controls by age, sex and practice location. Monthly interval frailty measured using a 36-item electronic frailty index (eFI: range 0-1, lower scores mean less frailty). Deprivation measured using Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quintiles. We used latent growth curves to model the relationship between IMD and eFI trajectory. Results: Living in a less deprived area was associated with faster increase in eFI for cases (0.005% per month, 95%confidence interval [CI]: 0.001, 0.010), but not controls, and was associated with lower eFI at study baseline in cases (-0.29% per IMD quintile, 95%CI -0.45, -0.13) and controls (-0.35% per quintile, 95%CI -0.51, -0.20). Conclusions: Overall, greater area-level deprivation is associated with higher levels of frailty, but people who survive to ≥75 have similar 1-year frailty trajectories, regardless of area-level deprivation. Interventions to reduce frailty should target younger age groups, especially those living in the most deprived areas

National Early Warning Scores and COVID-19 deaths in care homes: An ecological time-series study

Objectives To investigate whether National Early Warning Scores (NEWS/NEWS2) could contribute to COVID-19 surveillance in care homes. Setting 460 care home units using the same software package to collect data on residents, from 46 local authority areas in England. Participants 6464 care home residents with at least one NEWS recording. Exposure measure 29 656 anonymised person-level NEWS from 29 December 2019 to 20 May 2020 with component physiological measures: systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, pulse rate, temperature and oxygen saturation. Baseline values for each measure calculated using 80th and 20th centile scores before March 2020. Outcome measure Cross-correlation comparison of time series with Office for National Statistics weekly reported registered deaths of care home residents where COVID-19 was the underlying cause of death, and all other deaths (excluding COVID-19) up to 10 May 2020. Results Deaths due to COVID-19 were registered from 23 March 2020 in the local authority areas represented in the study. Between 23 March 2020 and 10 May 2020, there were 5753 deaths (1532 involving COVID-19 and 4221 other causes). We observed a rise in the proportion of above-baseline NEWS beginning 16 March 2020, followed 2 weeks later by an increase in registered deaths (cross-correlation of r=0.82, p<0.05 for a 2 week lag) in corresponding local authorities. The proportion of above-baseline oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and temperature measurements also increased approximately 2 weeks before peaks in deaths. Conclusions NEWS could contribute to COVID-19 disease surveillance in care homes during the pandemic. Oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and temperature could be prioritised as they appear to signal rise in mortality almost as well as NEWS. This study reinforces the need to collate data from care homes, to monitor and protect residents' health. Further work using individual level outcome data is needed to evaluate the role of NEWS in the early detection of resident illness

Loneliness, social isolation and social relationships: what are we measuring? A novel framework for classifying and comparing tools

OBJECTIVES: We present a novel way of classifying and comparing measures of social relationships to help readers interpret the growing literature on loneliness and social isolation and to provide researchers with a starting point to guide their choice of measuring tool. METHODS: Measures of social relationships used in epidemiological studies were identified from two systematic reviews—one review on the association between social relationships and health and social care service use, and a second review on the association between social relationships and health. Questions from each measure were retrieved and tabulated to derive a classification of social relationship measures. RESULTS: We present a classification of measures according to two dimensions: (1) whether instruments cover structural or functional aspects of social relationships and (2) the degree of subjectivity asked of respondents. We explain how this classification can be used to clarify the remit of the many questionnaires used in the literature and to compare them. CONCLUSIONS: Different dimensions of social relationships are likely to have different implications for health. Our classification of social relationship measures transcends disciplinary and conceptual boundaries, allowing researchers to compare tools that developed from different theoretical perspectives. Careful choice of measures is essential to further our understanding of the links between social relationships and health, to identify people in need of help and to design appropriate prevention and intervention strategies

PATTERNS OF SOCIAL CARE USE WITHIN THE OLDER POPULATION: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM ROUTINELY COLLECTED DATA?

Research with routinely collected social care data has untapped potential to inform new care delivery approaches and techniques. To identify opportunities for service improvement and enhance our understanding of care pathways experienced by the older population, we collaborated with a local authority in the North East of England. We set out to characterise the use of social care services and associated outcomes within the local older population (aged 65+). 171,386 records were extracted from the local authority’s social care case management system, relating to 38,191 unique individuals across the last 40 years. We identified the care packages provided to the local population, including care provided in care homes (with and without nursing), private households and assisted living facilities. The study population varied in terms of the number of care packages provided to each individual (median 7 packages, IQR 4-11) and the average duration of individual care packages (median 41 days, IQR 14 - 274 days). The care pathways that are most common amongst the older population will be described, including sequencing and outcomes, and grouped by the reason for providing care (e.g., respite, long-term care) and the reason why each care package ended (e.g., death, returning home). The wide range of care pathways experienced demonstrate the heterogeneity in needs and preferences within the older population. This dataset and analyses are an invaluable way of identifying areas of potential unmet need and evaluating the effectiveness of short-term care services

Variations in older people's emergency care use by social care setting: a systematic review of international evidence.

Older adults' use of social care and their healthcare utilization are closely related. Residents of care homes access emergency care more often than the wider older population; however, less is known about emergency care use across other social care settings. A systematic review was conducted, searching six electronic databases between January 2012 and February 2022. Older people access emergency care from a variety of community settings. Differences in study design contributed to high variation observed between studies. Although data were limited, findings suggest that emergency hospital attendance is lowest from nursing homes and highest from assisted living facilities, whilst emergency admissions varied little by social care setting. There is a paucity of published research on emergency hospital use from social care settings, particularly home care and assisted living facilities. More attention is needed on this area, with standardized definitions to enable comparisons between studies. [Abstract copyright: © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press.

Connecting at Local Level: Exploring Opportunities for Future Design of Technology to Support Social Connections in Age-friendly Communities

Social connectedness in later life is an important dimension of an age-friendly community, with associated implications for individual health and wellbeing. In contrast with prior efforts focusing on connections at a distance or online communities where the digital technology is the interface, we explore the design opportunities and role of technology for connectedness within a geographically local community context. We present findings from interviews with 22 older adults and a linked ideation workshop. Our analysis identified shared concerns and negative perceptions around local relationships, connections and characteristics of the geographical area. However, local connectedness through technology was largely absent from day-to-day life and even perceived as contributing to disconnection. By uncovering how older adults use and perceive technology in their social lives and combining these findings with their ideas for improving local connections, we highlight the need for thoughtful consideration of the role of technology in optimising social connections within communities. Our research highlights a need for design work to understand the specifics of the local context and reduce emphasis on technology as the interface between people. We introduce an amended definition&mdash;&lsquo;underpinned by a commitment to respect and social inclusion, an age-friendly community is engaged in a strategic and ongoing process to facilitate active ageing by optimising the community&rsquo;s physical, social and digital environments and its supporting infrastructure&rsquo;&mdash;to conceptualise our approach. We conclude by suggesting areas for future work in developing digitally connected age-friendly communities

The contributions of family care-givers at end of life: A national post-bereavement census survey of cancer carers' hours of care and expenditures.

BACKGROUND: Family members provide vital care at end of life, enabling patients to remain at home. Such informal care contributes significantly to the economy while supporting patients' preferences and government policy. However, the value of care-givers' contributions is often underestimated or overlooked in evaluations. Without information on the activities and expenditures involved in informal care-giving, it is impossible to provide an accurate assessment of carers' contribution to end-of-life care. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the contributions and expenditure of informal, family care-giving in end-of-life cancer care. DESIGN: A national census survey of English cancer carers was conducted. Survey packs were mailed to 5271 people who registered the death of a relative to cancer during 1-16 May 2015. Data were collected on decedents' health and situation, care support given, financial expenditure resulting from care, carer well-being and general background information. RESULTS: In all, 1504 completed surveys were returned (28.5%). Over 90% of respondents reported spending time on care-giving in the last 3 months of the decedent's life, contributing a median 69 h 30 min of care-giving each week. Those who reported details of expenditure (72.5%) spent a median £370 in the last 3 months of the decedent's life. CONCLUSION: Carers contribute a great deal of time and money for day-to-day support and care of patients. This study has yielded a unique, population-level data set of end-of-life care-giving and future analyses will provide estimates of the economic value of family care-givers' contributions

Adverse Outcomes of Polypharmacy in Older People : Systematic Review of Reviews

Objective Polypharmacy is widespread among older people, but the adverse outcomes associated with it are unclear. We aim to synthesize current evidence on the adverse health, social, medicines management, and health care utilization outcomes of polypharmacy in older people. Design A systematic review, of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies, was conducted. Eleven bibliographic databases were searched from 1990 to February 2018. Quality was assessed using AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews). Setting and participants Older people in any health care setting, residential setting, or country. Results Twenty-six reviews reporting on 230 unique studies were included. Almost all reviews operationalized polypharmacy as medication count, and few examined medication classes or disease states within this. Evidence for an association between polypharmacy and many adverse outcomes, including adverse drug events and disability, was conflicting. The most consistent evidence was found for hospitalization and inappropriate prescribing. No research had explored polypharmacy in the very old (aged ≥85 years), or examined the potential social consequences associated with medication use, such as loneliness and isolation. Conclusions and implications The literature examining the adverse outcomes of polypharmacy in older people is complex, extensive, and conflicting. Until polypharmacy is operationalized in a more clinically relevant manner, the adverse outcomes associated with it will not be fully understood. Future studies should work toward this approach in the face of rising multimorbidity and population aging