95 research outputs found

    Antitrust and the competitive structure of the U.S. pulp and paper industry, 1950-1990

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    National antitrust policies have potentially profound effects on global competitiveness of individual industries. Public policy interventions affecting organizational arrangements within industries, enforcement of commodity standardization, and price competition, as well as the regulation of intellectual property rights, are the major tools by which Government executes antitrust policies. This study documents the frequency, extent, and impact of U.S. antitrust policies toward the pulp and paper industry between 1950 and 1990. Passage of the Celler-Kefauver Antimerger Act in 1950 marked the beginning of a new antitrust experience across the whole U.S. economy. Yet, the application of the Act required government to forge industry specific standards of competitive structure. The antitrust experience of the pulp and paper industry, and its distinct segments, was particularly industry specific when it came to the enforcement of Celler-Kefauver Act and its consequences. Between 1950 and 1990, antitrust disadvantaged pulp and paper firms whose competitive strategy was based on regional or product specialization. As in other industries, antitrust appeared to encourage successful and growth-seeking paper firms to diversify into new areas of business. Unlike in other industries, successful pulp and paper firms relatively rarely undertook so-called conglomerate mergers, and preferred to diversify and expand into other segments of the forests products industry. In the context of pulp and paper industry, new incentive structures that emanated from antitrust facilitated the rise of large scale forests products giants that resembled each other in terms of strategy and structure. Antitrust between 1950 and 1990 shaped significantly the competitive structure of the U.S. pulp and paper industry, and probably transformed traditional arrangements for technological learning and the course of technological innovation. Industry’s recent performance and contemporary global competitiveness outlook cannot be understood without reference to its post-World War II antitrust experience.pulp and paper industry; antitrust; regulation; political economy; innovation; United States; Competitive structure; industrial organization; celler-kefauer act

    Learning and Corporate Strategy: The Dynamic Evolution of the North American Pulp and Paper Industry, 1860-1960

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    This study analyzes the long-term evolution of the North American pulp and paper industry, and offers a new synthesis of the dynamic forces that spearheaded the expansion and transformation of this large manufacturing industry. The evolution of the North American pulp and paper industry between 1860 and 1960 was driven by successive waves of technological learning that spawned structural change. Such waves transformed and expanded the sulphite and sulphate pulp, envelope, paper container, paper bag, magazine and printing paper, coated paper, board, and many other pulp and paper industries between 1860 and 1960. These waves repeated a pattern of co-evolution of technology and industrial organization that enveloped dynamic forces of change, such as innovation, corporate strategies, industrial relocation, and policy. As distinct branches of the pulp and paper industry passed from the early nascent phase to full maturity, the sources of innovation, nature of technological change, strategy and structure of leading firms, and industrial organization underwent throughout transformation. As these waves of industrial change passed from a nascent phase to maturity, the reciprocal dynamics between organization, corporate strategy, policy, and technological learning co-evolved, and established the evolutionary path of the North American pulp and paper industry.Pulp and paper industry; Innovation; Technological Change; Technological learning; United States; North America;

    Innovaatioita ymmärtämässä

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    Reijo Miettinen, Janne Lehenkari, Mervi Hasu ja Jukka Hyvönen: Osaaminen ja uuden luominen innovaatioverkoissa. Tutkimus kuudesta suomalaisesta innovaatiosta. Sitra 226, Vantaa 1999

    Antitrust and the competitive structure of the U.S. pulp and paper industry, 1950-1990

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    National antitrust policies have potentially profound effects on global competitiveness of individual industries. Public policy interventions affecting organizational arrangements within industries, enforcement of commodity standardization, and price competition, as well as the regulation of intellectual property rights, are the major tools by which Government executes antitrust policies. This study documents the frequency, extent, and impact of U.S. antitrust policies toward the pulp and paper industry between 1950 and 1990. Passage of the Celler-Kefauver Antimerger Act in 1950 marked the beginning of a new antitrust experience across the whole U.S. economy. Yet, the application of the Act required government to forge industry specific standards of competitive structure. The antitrust experience of the pulp and paper industry, and its distinct segments, was particularly industry specific when it came to the enforcement of Celler-Kefauver Act and its consequences. Between 1950 and 1990, antitrust disadvantaged pulp and paper firms whose competitive strategy was based on regional or product specialization. As in other industries, antitrust appeared to encourage successful and growth-seeking paper firms to diversify into new areas of business. Unlike in other industries, successful pulp and paper firms relatively rarely undertook so-called conglomerate mergers, and preferred to diversify and expand into other segments of the forests products industry. In the context of pulp and paper industry, new incentive structures that emanated from antitrust facilitated the rise of large scale forests products giants that resembled each other in terms of strategy and structure. Antitrust between 1950 and 1990 shaped significantly the competitive structure of the U.S. pulp and paper industry, and probably transformed traditional arrangements for technological learning and the course of technological innovation. Industry’s recent performance and contemporary global competitiveness outlook cannot be understood without reference to its post-World War II antitrust experience

    Cybertax

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    Kyberosaaminen Suomessa – Nykytila ja tiekartta tulevaisuuteen

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    Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kyberosaamisen nykytilaa ja tulevaisuuden näkymiä Suomessa. Kyberosaamisella tarkoitetaan kyberturvallisuuteen liittyvää tutkimus-, kehitys- ja innovaatiotoimintaa. Raportissa analysoidaan suomalaisten yritysten, korkeakoulujen, ja tutkimuslaitosten kyberturvallisuuteen liittyvä tutkimustoimintaa, alan koulutusta, innovaatio- ja kehitystoimintaa sekä julkisen hallinnon roolia ja alan yhteistyön tilaa. Lisäksi siinä käsitellään Suomen vahvuuksia ja heikkouksia kyberturvallisuusosaamisessa sekä osaamisen puutteita ja kapeikkoja. Kansallisen tarkastelun ohella tutkimuksessa nostetaan esiin muutamia kansainvälisiä edelläkävijämaita (Hollanti, Viro, Israel), joita vastaan suomalaista kehitystä voidaan peilata. Kyberosaamisen tulevaisuutta tarkastellaan kybertoimintaympäristön muutoksen ja tulevaisuuden kehitystarpeiden näkökulmista. Raportissa luodaan tulevaisuuskuva Suomen kybertoimintaympäristön kehityksestä 10 vuoden aikajänteellä sekä kolme tiekarttaa, jotka kuvaavat siirtymää nykytilasta kohti tavoitetilaa. Tutkimus osoittaa, edellytykset kyberturvallisuusosaamisen ja -alan kehittämiselle ovat Suomessa hyvät. Suomessa on korkeatasoista kyberturvallisuuteen liittyvää tutkimus-, kehitys- ja innovaatiotoimintaa ja -osaamista. Vahvuuksia on sekä yrityskentällä että korkeakouluissa ja tutkimuslaitoksissa. Alan osaamispohja on kuitenkin varsin kapea ja kärkiosaaminen keskittyy varsin harvoille toimijoille. Osaaminen myös hajaantuu laajaan joukkoon organisaatioita ja toimijoiden välinen yhteistyö on vasta kehittymässä. Selkeitä osaamisen kapeikkoja ja puutteita on muutamalla osaamisalueella. Viime vuosina alan kansainvälinen kilpailu on myös kiristynyt ja Suomessa tarvitaan määrätietoisia toimenpiteitä kyberturvallisuusosaamisen edelleen kehittämiseksi. Alan yhteistyötä tulee tiivistää ja esimerkiksi julkisia hankintoja hyödyntää alan osaamisen vahvistamisessa. Raportissa esitetään toimenpidesuositusten kokonaisuus joka tähtää suomalaisen kyberturvallisuusosaamisen vahvistamiseen ja nostamiseen edelläkävijämaiden tasolle

    Hyvä keskustelualoite tiede- ja teknologiapolitiikasta

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    Tarmo Lemola & Petri Honkanen (toim.): Innovatiopolitiikka. Kenen Hyväksi, keiden ehdoilla? Gaudeamus 2004, Helsinki

    Research and Development: Bibliometric Analysis of Knowledge Flows of Brazilian Research 2005-2009

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    Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy 2011This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.By examining the knowledge in- and outflows in Brazilian research 2005-2009, we undertake comparative bibliometric analysis of the dynamics of knowledge creation in development context. Specifically, we analyse knowledge creation dynamics to find out how knowledge flows between developing countries and the North shape research and its exploitation.Tekes - The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovatio

    Asiatietoa tieteen ja kaupallisuuden jännitteistä Suomessa

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    Reijo Miettinen, Juha Tuunainen, Tarja Knuuttila ja Erika Mattila: Tieteestä Tuotteeksi? Yliopistotutkimus muutosten ristipaineessa. Yliopistopaino 2006
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