Residual Symmetries Applied to Neutrino Oscillations at NOν\nuA and T2K

The results previously obtained from the model-independent application of a generalized hidden horizontal $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry to the neutrino mass matrix are updated using the latest global fits for the neutrino oscillation parameters. The resulting prediction for the Dirac $CP$ phase $\delta_D$ is in agreement with recent results from T2K. The distribution for the Jarlskog invariant $J_\nu$ has become sharper and appears to be approaching a particular region. The approximate effects of matter on long baseline neutrino experiments are explored, and it is shown how the weak interactions between the neutrinos and the particles that make up the Earth can help to determine the mass hierarchy. A similar strategy is employed to show how NO$\nu$A and T2K could determine the octant of $\theta_a (\equiv \theta_{23})$. Finally, the exact effects of matter are obtained numerically in order to make comparisons with the form of the approximate solutions. From this analysis there emerges some interesting features of the effective mass eigenvalues.Comment: 9 pages, 1 table, 17 figure

I\u27d Love To Be A Monkey In The Zoo

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/4654/thumbnail.jp

Laboratory Growth, Reproduction and Life Span of the Pacific Pygmy Octopus, Octopus digueti

Octopus digueti Perrier and Rochebrune, 1894 was reared through its life cycle at 25°C in a closed seawater system using artificial sea water. Two field-collected females produced 231 hatchlings: 193 hatchlings were groupcultured while 24 were isolated at hatching and grown individually to allow precise analyses of growth in length and weight over the life cycle. All octopuses were fed primarily live shrimps. Maturing adults fed at a rate of 4.7% of body weight per day and had a gross growth efficiency of 48%. Growth in weight was exponential for the first 72 days and described best by the equation: WW(g) = .0405e•0646t. The mean growth rate over this period was 6.4% increase in body weight per day (%/d), with no significant difference between male and female growth. From 72 to 143 days, growth was logarithmic and described best by the equation: WW(g) = (6.78 x 1O- 6) t3 .13. Females grew slightly faster than males over this growth phase. During the exponential growth phase, mantle length increased at a mean rate of 2.1% per day, declining to 1.1% per day over the logarithmic phase. No attempt was made to describe mathematically the period of declining growth rate beyond day 143. The primary causes of early mortality in group culture were escapes and cannibalism. Survival was good despite high culture density: 73% survival to date of first egg laying (day 111). Survival was better among the isolated growth-study octopuses: 88% to the date of first egg laying (day 130). Mean life span was 199 days in group-reared octopuses and 221 days in the growth-study octopuses. There was no significant difference between male and female life span. Progeny of the group culture were reared at similar stocking densities and fed predominantly fresh dead shrimp and crab meat. This diet resulted in cannibalism, with only 6% survival to first egg laying on day 128. Fecundity in this group was lower. Octopus digueti is a good candidate for laboratory culture and biological experimentation because of its small size, rapid growth, short life span, and good survival in group culture

COMPTEL measurements of MeV gamma-ray burst spectra

We present results from the on-going spectral analysis of gamma-ray bursts measured by the COMPTEL instrument in its main Compton “Telescope” observing mode (0.75–30 MeV). Thus far, 18 bursts have been analyzed from three years (April 1991–April 1994) of observations. The time-averaged spectra of these events above 1 MeV are all consistent with a simple power law model with spectral index in the range 1.5–3.5. Exponential, thermal bremsstrahlung and thermal synchrotron models are statistically inconsistent with the burst sample, although they can adequately describe some of the individual burst spectra. We find good agreement between burst spectra measured simultaneously by BATSE, COMPTEL and EGRET, which typically show a spectral transition or “break” in the BATSE energy range around a few hundred keV followed by simple power law emission extending to hundreds of MeV. However, the temporal relation between MeV and GeV (e.g., as measured by EGRET) burst emission is still unclear. Measurement of rapid variability at MeV energies in the stronger bursts provides evidence that either the sources are nearby (within the Galaxy) or the gamma-ray emission is relativistically beamed

Phenomenological Study of Residual Z^s_2 and Zbar^s_2 Symmetries

The phenomenological consequences of the residual Z^s_2 and Zbar^s_2 symmetries are explored in detail. With a precisely measured value of the reactor angle, these two residual symmetries predict distinct distributions for the Dirac CP phase and the atmospheric angle, which leads to the possibility of identifying them at neutrino experiments. For both symmetries, it is possible to resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy in most of the parameter space, and they can be distinguished from one another if the true residual symmetry is Z^s_2 and the atmospheric angle is non-maximal. These results are obtained using an equally split schedule: a 1.5-year run of neutrinos and a 1.5-year run of antineutrinos at NOvA together with a 2.5-year run of neutrinos and a 2.5-year run of antineutrinos at T2K. This schedule can significantly increase and stabilize the sensitivities to the mass hierarchy and the octant of the atmospheric angle with only a moderate compromise to the sensitivity of distinguishing Z^s_2 and Zbar^s_2.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, references and figures update

The angular distribution of COMPTEL Gamma-Ray bursts

The superior burst location capability of the COMPTEL instrument aboard the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory allows us to study the small-scale angular distribution of burst sources with good sensitivity even though the number of burst detections is small. We accumulate four years (April 1991–April 1995) of observations to form a catalog of 27 burst locations whose mean 1σ uncertainty is ∼1°. We find that the COMPTEL bursts are consistent with an isotropic distribution of sources, yet the spatial coincidence of two of the bursts within COMPTEL’s angular resolution indicates the possibility of repetition. This possibility is studied using the two-point angular correlation function and the nearest neighbor statistic. Model dependent upper limits on the fraction of repeating sources are derived

Enhancement of spin-to-charge conversion of diamond NV centers at ambient conditions using surface electrodes

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a heavily studied defect due to its potential applications to quantum metrology and computation, particularly in ambient conditions. The key mechanism to using the NV in any application lies in the ability to read out the spin state of the defect which is typically done optically. The optical contrast is then the key metric for electron spin readout fidelity and one of the key limiting factors in the NV's overall performance. We present a new mechanism for high contrast readout using the spin-to-charge conversion (SCC) mechanism in conjunction with an electrode to improve the spin contrast by altering the NV energy levels relative to the diamond conduction band. Theoretical modelling predicts an optical spin contrast at 42% which would be the highest optical contrast for the NV at room temperature and the technique opens up a range of alternative research pathways for the NV which are discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures + 4 pages and 3 figures in the appendi

Fine structure and optical properties of biological polarizers in crustaceans and cephalopods

The lighting of the underwater environment is constantly changing due to attenuation by water, scattering by suspended particles, as well as the refraction and reflection caused by the surface waves. These factors pose a great challenge for marine animals which communicate through visual signals, especially those based on color. To escape this problem, certain cephalopod mollusks and stomatopod crustaceans utilize the polarization properties of light. While the mechanisms behind the polarization vision of these two animal groups are similar, several distinctive types of polarizers (i.e. the structure producing the signal) have been found in these animals. To gain a better knowledge of how these polarizers function, we studied the relationships between fine structures and optical properties of four types of polarizers found in cephalopods and stomatopods. Although all the polarizers share a somewhat similar spectral range, around 450- 550 nm, the reflectance properties of the signals and the mechanisms used to produce them have dramatic differences. In cephalopods, stack-plates polarizers produce the polarization patterns found on the arms and around their eyes. In stomatopods, we have found one type of beam-splitting polarizer based on photonic structures and two absorptive polarizer types based on dichroic molecules. These stomatopod polarizers may be found on various appendages, and on the cuticle covering dorsal or lateral sides of the animal. Since the efficiencies of all these polarizer types are somewhat sensitive to the change of illumination and viewing angle, how these animals compensate with different behaviors or fine structural features of the polarizer also varies

An Unexpected Diversity of Photoreceptor Classes in the Longfin Squid, Doryteuthis pealeii.

Cephalopods are famous for their ability to change color and pattern rapidly for signaling and camouflage. They have keen eyes and remarkable vision, made possible by photoreceptors in their retinas. External to the eyes, photoreceptors also exist in parolfactory vesicles and some light organs, where they function using a rhodopsin protein that is identical to that expressed in the retina. Furthermore, dermal chromatophore organs contain rhodopsin and other components of phototransduction (including retinochrome, a photoisomerase first found in the retina), suggesting that they are photoreceptive. In this study, we used a modified whole-mount immunohistochemical technique to explore rhodopsin and retinochrome expression in a number of tissues and organs in the longfin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii. We found that fin central muscles, hair cells (epithelial primary sensory neurons), arm axial ganglia, and sucker peduncle nerves all express rhodopsin and retinochrome proteins. Our findings indicate that these animals possess an unexpected diversity of extraocular photoreceptors and suggest that extraocular photoreception using visual opsins and visual phototransduction machinery is far more widespread throughout cephalopod tissues than previously recognized.This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research Basic Research Challenge grant number N00014-10-0989 to T.W.C and R.T.H and a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) David Phillips Fellowship BB/L024667/1 to T.J.W. We gratefully acknowledge support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research via grants numbered FA9550-09-0346 to R.T.H. and FA9550-12-1-0321 to T.W.C.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from PLoS via http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013538

Report of the Working Group on the Composition of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays

For the first time a proper comparison of the average depth of shower maximum ($X_{\rm max}$) published by the Pierre Auger and Telescope Array Observatories is presented. The $X_{\rm max}$ distributions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory were fit using simulated events initiated by four primaries (proton, helium, nitrogen and iron). The primary abundances which best describe the Auger data were simulated through the Telescope Array (TA) Middle Drum (MD) fluorescence and surface detector array. The simulated events were analyzed by the TA Collaboration using the same procedure as applied to their data. The result is a simulated version of the Auger data as it would be observed by TA. This analysis allows a direct comparison of the evolution of $\langle X_{\rm max} \rangle$ with energy of both data sets. The $\langle X_{\rm max} \rangle$ measured by TA-MD is consistent with a preliminary simulation of the Auger data through the TA detector and the average difference between the two data sets was found to be $(2.9 \pm 2.7\;(\text{stat.}) \pm 18\;(\text{syst.}))~\text{g/cm}^2$.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the UHECR workshop, Springdale USA, 201