Toward Pulse by Pulse Dosimetry Using an SC CVD Diamond Detector

Solid state detectors with nanosecond response timesto incoming radiation are increasingly present at the forefrontof radiotherapy dosimetry research. The fast response time ofmaterials, such as diamond, allow pulse by pulse dosimetry. Thereis a trend in radiotherapy to move towards shorter treatments,using fewer but more intense pulses with varying pulse rates andintensities. This makes the possibility of measuring individualpulses very attractive and would allow intervention during thetreatment and not just afterwards. Here an analogue front endhas been developed and combined with a CVD diamond detectorto provide real time, pulse by pulse beam intensity measure-ments.The front end design is discussed and the experimentalresults obtained using a medical LINAC are presented. Theresults show that pulse by pulse The device is capable of pulseby pulse beam intensity measurements up to pulse rates wellabove 1 kHz. The system performs so well that its variations arenegligible compared to the pulse to pulse intensity variations.The dosimetric performance of our system was compared toa commercially available, integrating diamond detector, themicroDiamond by PTW. The dose and dose-rate linearity of oursystem is comparable with the one of the microDiamond and hasthe additional advantage of being able to measure the depositeddose per pulse

Formulasi Deterjen Eco-Friendly Ekstrak Etanol Biji Buah Lerak (Sapindus rarak DC) Kombinasi Surfaktan Decyl Glucoside dan Lauryl Glucoside

Pendahuluan: Deterjen merupakan limbah rumah tangga yang paling banyak mencemari lingkungan karena kandungan surfaktan turunan sulfonate yang tidak bisa dibiodegradasi. Sehingga diperlukan inovasi detergen ramah lingkungan. Penelitian   ini   bertujuan   untuk   mengembangkan   formula   deterjen   ramah lingkungan yang mengandung ekstrak etanol biji buah lerak (Sapindus rarak DC) kombinasi surfaktan decyl glucoside dan lauryl glucoside. Metode: penelitian meliputi pembuatan deterjen cair menggunakan tiga formula  yaitu FI, FII, dan FIII dengan variasi konsentrasi ektrak etanol biji buah lerak yang digunakan. Hasil: pH detergen adalah 9,92 (F1), 8,9 (F2) dan 7,85 (F3); viskositas sebesar 16,33 mPas (F1), 8,33 mPas (F2) dan 15 mPas (F3); stabilitas busa yaitu diperoleh kisaran 84,09 % - 89,99 %; bobot jenis sebesar 1,027 g/ml (F1),1,025 (F2) dan 1,032 g/ml (F3). Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga formula detergen cair ekstrak biji buah lerak  memenuhi mutu fisik sesuai syarat SNI 06-4075-1996

Bioconversion of biowaste by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) for dried larvae production: A life cycle assessment and environmental impact analysis [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: Hermetia illucens L. have gained popularity in recent years as an environmentally friendly response to both the present and potential future food/feed crisis. The larvae of H. illucens L., or black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), is an alternative solution to tackle the issue of organic waste bioconversion. However, understanding the environmental loads associated with biowaste bioconversion using BSFL to produce dried BSFL is a pivotal point to keep the environment sustainable. This study reported a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the biowaste bioconversion process of BSFL and determined the environment impact analysis to make recommendations for modifications to lessen environmental consequences. Methods: The methodology used is life cycle assessment (LCA), which includes: (a) system boundary determination (gate-to-gate), starting from biowaste production, biowaste bioconversion, prepupae and BSFL frass production. The system boundary of the dried BSFL production is designed for both the processing and production of one cycle of BSFL; (b) life cycle inventory activities carried out at PT Biomagg Sinergi Internasional, Depok, West Java, Indonesia; (c) conducting life cycle impact assessment on five environmental impact categories namely global warming potential (GWP), acidification (AC), terrestrial eutrophication (TE), fossil fuel depletion (FFE), eco-toxicity (ET); and (d) interpretation of the assessment result. The LCA is conducted using openLCA 1.11 software and TRACI 2.1 impact assessment method. Results: The impact values of GWP, AC, TE, FFE, and ET, per 100 kg of BSFL dried production was 6.687 kg CO2 eq; 0.029 kg SO2-eq; 0.092 kg N-eq; 16.732 MJ surplus; 121.231 CTUe. Production of prepupa had the highest hotspots in these emissions, followed dried BSFL production. Conclusions: Efforts to reduce environmental impacts that can be done are by implementing an integrated rearing system using substrate from a single type of known substrate for BSFL and using alternative drying methods for BSFL dried production

Relationship between cholesterol levels and smoking behavior among active smokers

Introduction: Smoking behaviour is one of the factors that can cause serious and deadly diseases. Cigarette chemical content can reduce High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels and increase Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels. It can cause fat metabolism disorders and are at risk for heart disease, cancer, and others. This study aimed to determine the relationship between cholesterol and smoking behaviour among active smokers