ỨNG DỤNG VIỄN THÁM VÀ GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE THÀNH LẬP BẢN ĐỒ HIỆN TRẠNG SỬ DỤNG ĐẤT NÔNG NGHIỆP NĂM 2023 Ở HUYỆN HÒA VANG, THÀNH PHỐ ĐÀ NẴNG

Hoa Vang is an agricultural district of Da Nang City. Therefore, the management and utilization of agricultural land are among its essential tasks. This study aims to utilize Sentinel 2 imagery to create a current status of agricultural land use map in Hoa Vang District in 2023 by using Google Earth Engine. The research employs the Random Forest method for image prediction, assesses reliability using the Kappa index and the overall accuracy. The calculated Kappa index achieves a value of 0.85, and the overall accuracy is 0.87. These results demonstrate that the agricultural land use map established through Sentinel 2 imagery is highly reliable. The study reveals that agricultural land covers an area of 61,204 hectares, accounting for 83.5% of the district's natural area. Forestry land has the most significant area, with 52,438 hectares, representing 71.5% of the district's total area. Rice cultivation land (3,484.1 hectares) and perennial crop cultivation land (3,348 hectares) have equivalent areas, accounting for approximately 9.5%. Other annual crop cultivation land has the smallest area within the agricultural land category, with 1,933.9 hectares, representing 2.6% of the district's area. The research findings serve as reference material for managing and utilizing agricultural land in Hoa Vang District, Da Nang City.Hòa Vang là huyện nông nghiệp của thành phố Đà Nẵng. Do đó, việc quản lý, sử dụng đất nông nghiệp là nhiệm vụ quan trọng của huyện. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này nhằm sử dụng ảnh Sentinel 2 để thành lập bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất nông nghiệp năm 2023 ở huyện Hòa Vang trên Google Earth Engine. Nghiên cứu sử dụng phương pháp Random Forest để giải đoán ảnh, đánh giá độ tin cậy bằng chỉ số Kappa và độ chính xác toàn cục. Kết quả tính toán được chỉ số Kappa là 0,85 và độ chính xác toàn cục là 0,87. Điều này cho thấy bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất nông nghiệp được thành lập bằng ảnh Sentinel 2 có độ tin cậy cao. Kết quả nghiên cứu cũng cho thấy, đất nông nghiệp có diện tích là 61.204 ha, chiếm 83,5% diện tích tự nhiên của huyện. Trong đó, đất lâm nghiệp có diện tích lớn nhất với 52.438 ha, chiếm tỉ lệ 71,5%. Đất trồng lúa (3.484,1 ha) và đất trồng cây lâu năm (3.348 ha) có diện tích tương đương nhau, chiếm tỉ lệ khoảng 9,5%. Đất trồng cây hàng năm khác có diện tích nhỏ nhất trong nhóm đất nông nghiệp với 1.933,9 ha, chiếm tỉ lệ 2,6%. Kết quả nghiên cứu là tài liệu tham khảo cho việc quản lý, sử dụng đất nông nghiệp ở huyện Hòa Vang, thành phố Đà Nẵng

Longitudinal survey of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Vietnam: characteristics of antimalarial resistance and their associated factors.

Plasmodium falciparum is the main cause of human malaria and is one of the important pathogens causing high rates of morbidity and mortality. The total number of malaria patients in Vietnam has gradually decreased over the last decade. However, the spread of pathogens with drug resistance remains a significant problem. Defining the trend in genotypes related to drug resistance is essential for the control of malaria in Vietnam. We undertook a longitudinal survey of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 2001, 2002, and 2005 to 2007. The pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, and pfdhps genes were analyzed by sequencing; and correlations by study year, age, gender, and genotype were identified statistically. The ratio of the chloroquine resistance genotype pfcrt 76T was found to have decreased rapidly after 2002. High numbers of mutations in the pfdhfr and pfdhps genes were observed only in 2001 and 2002, while the emergence of parasites with a new K540Y mutation in the P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthetase (PfDHPS) was observed in 2002. For males and those in younger age brackets, a correlation between vulnerability to P. falciparum infection and strains with pfcrt 76K or strains with decreased numbers of mutations in pfdhfr and pfdhps was demonstrated. The parasites with pfcrt 76T exhibited a greater number of mutations in pfdhfr and pfdhps

The burden of tuberculosis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: a spatial analysis of drug-susceptible and multi-drug resistant cases between 2020 and 2023

We characterised the spatial distribution of drug-susceptible (DS) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) cases in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), a major South-East Asian metropolis, and explored demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with local TB burden. Hot spots of DS- and MDR-TB incidence were observed in the central parts of HCMC, with substantial heterogeneity observed across wards. Positive spatial autocorrelation was observed for both DS- and MDR-TB. Ward-level TB incidence was associated with HIV prevalence (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.77, 95% CI 1.54-2.03) and the male proportion of the population (IRR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08). No ward-level demographic and socioeconomic indicators were associated with MDR-TB case count relative to total TB case count. Our findings may inform spatially-targeted TB control strategies and provide insights for generating hypotheses about the nature of the relationship between DS- and MDR-TB in HCMC, Vietnam and the wider South-East Asia region

Efficacy of a high potency O1 Manisa monovalent vaccine against heterologous challenge with a FMDV O Mya98 lineage virus in pigs 4 and 7 days post vaccination

Early protection with a high potency (>6PD50) foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) O1 Manisa (Middle-EastSouth Asia lineage) vaccine against challenge with O/VIT/2010 (O Mya98 lineage) was tested in pigs. Only two pigs that were vaccinated seven days prior to challenge had any demonstrable antibodies as a result of vaccination at the time of challenge. However, 80% and 60% of pigs that were vaccinated seven and four days prior to coronary band challenge were protected. Vaccination significantly reduced the amount of virus excreted in nasal swabs, saliva and faeces compared to unvaccinated and infected controls. Virus and viral RNA could be detected in some pigs until termination of the experiment 14 days after challenge.Antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP) were detected in only one pig that was challenged four days post vaccination (dpv) and transiently in two pigs that were challenged seven dpv at only one timepoint. For each vaccine and control group, a group of unvaccinated pigs were kept in the same room but with no direct contact with the infected pigs to determine whether vaccination prevented transmission. Despite the presence of live virus and viral RNA in these indirect contact pigs, the groups in contact with the vaccinated and infected pigs did not develop clinical signs nor did they sero-convert. Contact pigs in the same room as unvaccinated challenged controls did show signs of disease and virus infection that resulted in sero-conversion to the NSP. A breach of the wall that separated the two groups at nine days post challenge might have contributed to this finding. This study showed that high potency vaccine can provide protection to pigs soon after vaccination and that aerosol transmission within rooms is a rare event.Funding was provided in part by the livestock industries in Australia through Animal Health Australia. The AHA funds are matched through the Meat and Livestock Australia Donor Company by the Australian Government under MLA Project P.PSH 0652.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccinehb201

Antibiotic use and prescription and its effects on Enterobacteriaceae in the gut in children with mild respiratory infections in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A prospective observational outpatient study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Treatment guidelines do not recommend antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections (ARI), except for streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis and pneumonia. However, antibiotics are prescribed frequently for children with ARI, often in absence of evidence for bacterial infection. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for mild ARI in paediatric outpatients in relation to available guidelines and detected pathogens, 2) to assess antibiotic use on presentation using questionnaires and detection in urine 3) to assess the carriage rates and proportions of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae before, during and after consultation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were prospectively enrolled in Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and diagnoses, prescribed therapy and outcome were recorded on first visit and on follow-up after 7 days. Respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens were detected using molecular assays. Antibiotic use before presentation was assessed using questionnaires and urine HPLC. The impact of antibiotic usage on intestinal Enterobacteriaceae was assessed with semi-quantitative culture on agar with and without antibiotics on presentation and after 7 and 28 days. RESULTS: A total of 563 patients were enrolled between February 2009 and February 2010. Antibiotics were prescribed for all except 2 of 563 patients. The majority were 2nd and 3rd generation oral cephalosporins and amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid. Respiratory viruses were detected in respiratory specimens of 72.5% of patients. Antibiotic use was considered inappropriate in 90.1% and 67.5%, based on guidelines and detected pathogens, respectively. On presentation parents reported antibiotic use for 22% of patients, 41% of parents did not know and 37% denied antibiotic use. Among these three groups, six commonly used antibiotics were detected with HPLC in patients' urine in 49%, 40% and 14%, respectively. Temporary selection of 3rd generation cephalosporin resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae during antibiotic use was observed, with co-selection of resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSIONS: We report overuse and overprescription of antibiotics for uncomplicated ARI with selection of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae, posing a risk for community transmission and persistence in a setting of a highly granular healthcare system and unrestricted access to antibiotics through private pharmacies. REGISTRATION: This study was registered at the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number registry under number ISRCTN32862422: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN32862422