The Tax Flight Myth: People Move for Jobs, Housing, Family - Not Taxes

Reducing state income taxes will have no discernible impact on whether people move into or out of Ohio. An overwhelming body of serious economic research shows that people are far more likely to move between states because of job prospects, housing costs, family considerations and weather than because of tax levels. This new study provides additional information showing that taxes do not affect interstate moves in the Ohio region

Updating the Social Contract

Ohioans are struggling through economic slumps and recoveries with less help than in the past, according to this report. The safety net that used to ensure basic needs were met is in tatters, and needs to be updated for today's challenges. This study is based on surveys of 150 non-profit groups that serve more than 100,000 Ohio families, and of 2,000 northeast Ohioans who have needed help affording food, clothing, day care and other essentials during the recent recession. It also analyzes public policy decisions that have affected modest-income families

Die jüdische Wohlfahrtspflege in Deutschland : ihre geschichtliche Entwicklung und ihre gegenwärtigen Leistungen

Wenn auch heute, nachdem Staat und Kommunen die Führung übernommen haben, der konfessionellen Wohlfahrtspflege nicht mehr die Bedeutung zukommt, wie in früheren Zeiten, so weist sie doch auch gegenwärtig noch höchst beachtenswerte Leistungen auf; sie ergänzt die öffentliche Wohlfahrtspflege in einem Maße, daß sie in dem weitverzweigten Betriebe unserer öffentlichen Einrichtungen gar nicht wegzudenken ist. Das gilt sowohl von der christlichen, wie der jüdischen Charitas. Aber während die Leistungen der ersteren vor allen Augen offen daliegen, blüht die jüdische Wohlfahrtspflege vielfach im Verborgenen. Sie ist außerdem so weit verzweigt und so reich gegliedert, daß sie kaum von wenigen, und auch von den Fachmännern nicht übersehen werden kann; dies um so mehr, als auch die Literatur die Materie bisher sehr stiefmütterlich behandelt hat und, von dem Aufsatze Breslauers: "Die jüdische Wohltätigkeit und Wohlfahrtspflege in Deutschland" (Archiv für Volkswohlfahrt 1908 S. 97) abgesehen, keine zusammenfassende Bearbeitung dieses Gegenstandes vorhanden ist. ES dürfte daher nicht überflüssig sein, einmal im Zusammenhang darzustellen, wie sich die jüdische WohIfahrtspflege historisch entwickelt hat, welchen Umfang sie in der Gegenwart angenommen hat, ihre charakteristischen Merkmale herauszuschälen und darzulegen, welche Bedeutung ihr im Rahmen der allgemeinen Wohlfahrtspflege zukommt. Dies soll Aufgabe dieser Untersuchung sein, bei der in erster Linie die Verhältnisse in Deutschland berücksichtigt werden sollen

Fully Dynamic Single-Source Reachability in Practice: An Experimental Study

Given a directed graph and a source vertex, the fully dynamic single-source reachability problem is to maintain the set of vertices that are reachable from the given vertex, subject to edge deletions and insertions. It is one of the most fundamental problems on graphs and appears directly or indirectly in many and varied applications. While there has been theoretical work on this problem, showing both linear conditional lower bounds for the fully dynamic problem and insertions-only and deletions-only upper bounds beating these conditional lower bounds, there has been no experimental study that compares the performance of fully dynamic reachability algorithms in practice. Previous experimental studies in this area concentrated only on the more general all-pairs reachability or transitive closure problem and did not use real-world dynamic graphs. In this paper, we bridge this gap by empirically studying an extensive set of algorithms for the single-source reachability problem in the fully dynamic setting. In particular, we design several fully dynamic variants of well-known approaches to obtain and maintain reachability information with respect to a distinguished source. Moreover, we extend the existing insertions-only or deletions-only upper bounds into fully dynamic algorithms. Even though the worst-case time per operation of all the fully dynamic algorithms we evaluate is at least linear in the number of edges in the graph (as is to be expected given the conditional lower bounds) we show in our extensive experimental evaluation that their performance differs greatly, both on generated as well as on real-world instances

A escola e a família como estratégias sociais na promoção de saúde bucal infantil

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de odontologia.O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar os métodos de prevenção da doença cárie em crianças de zero a 6 anos de idade realizados na escola e na família, assim como analisar o conhecimento dos professores, pais e/ou responsáveis sobre temas básicos em saúde e higiene bucal, a forma de aquisição desses conhecimentos, a transmissão destes conteúdos às crianças e o interesse no desenvolvimento de atividades de educação em saúde bucal. A pesquisa foi realizada no Núcleo de Educação Infantil (NEI) Nagib Jabour e na creche Fermínio Francisco Vieira ambos na cidade de Florianópolis- SC através de questionários contendo questões abertas e fechadas sobre o assunto. A amostra foi composta por 15 professores e 100 pais e/ou responsáveis de crianças de zero a 6 anos de idade .Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que 73,4% dos professores e 90% dos pais e/ou responsáveis obtiveram informações a respeito dos cuidados que deve-se ter com os dentes das crianças e os métodos de prevenção da doença cárie. No entanto, 70% dos pais e/ou responsáveis responderam que a cárie não é transmitida de pais para filhos. A partir da pesquisa realizada confirma-se a necessidade de maior incorporação dos cirurgiões-dentistas dentro das escolas, tanto para realizar atividades promotoras de saúde bucal quanto para transmitir informações corretas e importantes aos professores para que estes incorporem em seu dia-a-dia pedagógico assuntos sobre a importância de uma boca saudável para a saúde geral do organismo. A presença do cirurgião-dentista dentro da escola o aproxima dos pais e/ou responsáveis que têm papel fundamental na transmissão de hábitos de higiene e de alimentação saudável para as crianças, tornando-o imprescindível no processo de educação em saúde bucal no ambiente familiar e escolar

Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of surgically-induced remission in Crohn’s disease

Background Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition. Many patients fail to achieve remission with medical management and require surgical interventions. Purine analogues have been used to maintain surgically-induced remission in CD, but the effectiveness of these agents is unclear. Objectives The objectives were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of purine analogues for maintenance of surgically-induced remission in CD. Search methods We searched the following databases from inception to 30 April 2014: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and the Cochrane Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Functional Bowel Disorders Group Specialized Trials Register).We also searched the reference lists of all included studies, and contacted personal sources and drug companies to identify additional studies. The searches were not limited by language. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared purine analogues to placebo or another intervention, with treatment durations of at least six months were considered for inclusion. Participants were patients of any age with CD in remission following surgery. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and extracted data. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The primary outcome measures were clinical and endoscopic relapse as defined by the primary studies. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, withdrawal due to adverse events and serious adverse events. Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis where patients with missing final outcomes were assumed to have relapsed. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for dichotomous outcomes. The Chi2 and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. The overall quality of the evidence supporting the primary outcomes and selected secondary outcomes was assessed using the GRADE criteria. Main results Seven RCTs (n = 584 patients) were included in the review. Three studies compared azathioprine to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA).One small study compared azathioprine to both 5-ASA and adalimumab. One study compared azathioprine to placebo and another study compared 6-mercaptopurine to 5-ASA and placebo. One small study compared azathioprine to infliximab. Three studies were judged to be at low risk of bias. Four studies were judged to be at high risk of bias due to blinding. The study (n = 22) comparing azathioprine to infliximab found that the effects on the proportion of patients who had a clinical (RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.21 to 18.98) or endoscopic relapse (RR 4.40, 95% CI 0.59 to 3.07) were uncertain. One study (n = 33) found decreased clinical (RR 5.18, 95% CI 1.35 to 19.83) and endoscopic relapse (RR 10.35, 95% CI 1.50 to 71.32) rates favouring adalimumab over azathioprine. A pooled analysis of two studies (n = 168 patients) showed decreased clinical relapse rates at one or two years favouring purine analogues over placebo. Forty eight per cent of patients in the purine analogue group experienced a clinical relapse compared to 63% of placebo patients (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.94). A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence supporting this outcome was low due to high risk of bias (one study was single-blind) and sparse data (93 events). One study (87 patients) found a reduction in endoscopic relapse rates favouring 6-mercaptopurine over placebo. Seventeen per cent of 6-mercaptopurine patients had an endoscopic relapse at two years compared to 42% of placebo patients (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.83). A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence for this outcome was low due to very sparse data (25 events). A pooled analysis of five studies (n = 425 patients) showed no difference in clinical relapse rates at one or two years between purine analogues and 5-ASA agents. Sixty-three per cent of patients in the purine analogues group experienced a clinical relapse compared to 54% of 5-ASA patients (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.34). A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence supporting this outcome was very low due to high risk of bias (two open-label studies), sparse data (249 events) and moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 45%). There was no difference in endoscopic relapse at 12 months between azathioprine and 5-ASA (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.17; 1 study, 35 patients). A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence for this outcome was very low due to high risk of bias (open-label study) and very sparse data (26 events). There was a reduction in endoscopic relapse at 24 months favouring 6-mercaptopurine over 5-ASA patients. Seventeen per cent of 6-mercaptopurine patients had an endoscopic relapse compared to 48% of 5-ASA patients (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.72; 1 study, 91 patients). A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence for this outcome was low due to very sparse data (29 events). Adverse events that required withdrawal were more common in the purine analogue group compared to 5-ASA. Twenty per cent of patients in the purine analogue group withdrew due to adverse events compared to 10% of 5-ASA patients (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.39; 5 studies, 423 patients).The results for withdrawal due to adverse events between purine analogues and placebo or for other comparisons were uncertain. Commonly reported adverse events across all studies included leucopenia, arthralgia, abdominal pain or severe epigastric intolerance, elevated liver enzymes, nausea and vomiting, pancreatitis, anaemia, exacerbation of Crohn’s disease, nasopharyngitis, and flatulence. Authors’ conclusions Purine analogues may be superior to placebo for maintenance of surgically-induced remission in patients with CD, although this is based on two small studies. The results for efficacy outcomes between purine analogues and 5-ASA agents were uncertain. However, patients taking purine analogues were more likely than 5-ASA patients to discontinue therapy due to adverse events. No firm conclusions can be drawn from the two small studies that compared azathioprine to infliximab or adalimumab. Adalimumab may be superior to azathioprine but further research is needed to confirm these results. Further research investigating the efficacy and safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in comparison to other active medications in patients with surgically-induced remission of CD is warranted