Konsep Belajar Dan Pembelajaran

: Learning and instruction are the two concepts that are related to each other, and they cannot be separated. Both of them are the main activities in education. Learning is defined as the process of changing behavior as a result of individual interaction with their environment. The changing of behavior is continuous, functional, positive, and directed. The process of changing behavior stimulated in many different conditions based on the explanation from educational and psychological experts. Instruction is defined as the activities processing from planning, implementation, and evaluation. Instruction is the effort to facilitate students\u27 learning. Instruc­tion is also defined as the interaction of students, educators, and learning resources in a learning environment. Therefore, the effectiveness of ins­truction is determined by the interaction of these three components

Einstein Geometrization Philosophy and Differential Identities in PAP-Geometry

The importance of Einstein's geometrization philosophy, as an alternative to the least action principle, in constructing general relativity (GR), is illuminated. The role of differential identities in this philosophy is clarified. The use of Bianchi identity to write the field equations of GR is shown. Another similar identity in the absolute parallelism geometry is given. A more general differential identity in the parameterized absolute parallelism geometry is derived. Comparison and interrelationships between the above mentioned identities and their role in constructing field theories are discussed.Comment: LaTeX file, 17 pages, comments and criticism are welcom

Biochemical and histological study on the effect of levetiracetam on the liver and kidney of pregnant albino rats

Background: Levetiracetam is a broad-spectrum antiseizure agent and one of the most commonly prescribed drugs for epilepsy. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of levetiracetam at its therapeutic range on the liver and kidney of pregnant albino rats. Materials and methods: Forty pregnant rats were divided equally into two groups (I–II), Rats in the group I were gavaged 1.5 mL/day distilled water in two divided doses throughout pregnancy. Rats in the group II were gavaged 1.5 mL/day distilled water (containing 36 mg levetiracetam) in two divided doses throughout pregnancy. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken and the sera were separated and used for biochemical analysis. The kidneys and livers of both groups were excised and used for light and electron microscopic examination. Results: Treatment with levetiracetam induced undesirable histopathological changes in the liver and kidney of pregnant albino rats. These changes were in the form of distortion of the hepatic architecture, dilatation of the central and the portal veins, widening of the Bowman’s spaces, thickening and disruption of the glomerular basement membrane, fusion and effacement of secondary foot processes, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and swollen mitochondria with loss of their cristae. Such changes were confirmed by alteration of certain biochemical parameters related to the liver and kidney functions. Conclusions: Levetiracetam induced deleterious effects on the liver and kidney of pregnant albino rats. Further investigations are recommended to clarify the mechanism of levetiracetam toxicity

Pengaruh Kualifikasi Akademik dan Prestasi Akademik Dosen terhadap Mutu Pembelajaran

Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan metodologis bercorak positivistic dan pendekatan ilmiah yang meliputi pendekatan pedagogis, psikologis, dan sosiologis. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah dosen unismuh Makassar yang berjumlah 83 orang dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive(Purposive Sampling) Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, dokumentasi dan koesioner. Teknik pengolahan data dilakukan melalui analisis deskriptik dan analisis linear berganda. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah : 1) Tingkat Kualifikasi akademik Dosen di Unismuh Makassar berkategori baik dengan indicator jenjang pendidikan (74,7%), penguasaan materi (79,55), metode (73,1%), media dan sumber belajar (92,8%), dan kemampuan interaksi edukasi dalam proses belajar mengajar (98,8%) 2) Tingkat Prestasi Akademik Dosen di Unismuh Makassar berdasarkan indikator. kemampuan lisan, kemampuan tulisan, keterampilan , dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah berada pada kategori sedang. 3) Mutu Pembelajaran di Unismuh Makassar berdasarkan indicator input, proses, out put dan outcome berada pada kategori tinggi. 4) Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan kualifikasi akademik terhadap mutu pembelajaran di unismuh Makassar terbukti dari nilai signifikansi 0, 502F tabel, berarti nilai signifikan lebih kecil dari nilai probabilitas (0,03< 0, 05) yang berarti bahwa kualifikasi akademik dan perstasi akademik Dosen secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap mutu pembelajaran di Unismuh Makassar

Neutrosophic Crisp α-Topological Spaces

In this paper, a generalization of the neutrosophic topological space is presented. The basic definitions of the neutrosophic crisp α-topological space and the neutrosophic crisp α-compact space with some of their characterizations are deduced. Furthermore, we aim to construct a netrosophic crisp α-continuous function, with a study of a number its properties

Performance of 2 Polymerization Protocols Targeting Cloned Toxoplasma Parasites

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasitic infection of humans. Infection is usually mild. Serious complications can occur in pregnant and immunocompromised patients. AIM: The present study aims to investigate the performance of 2 different PCR protocols; real-time quantitative molecular assays (qPCR) and conventional molecular assays (cPCR), using 2 different sets of primers and by using cloned purified Toxoplasma genomic substances to be evaluated as reference samples. METHODS: The target DNA was provided in 8 different quantities. RESULTS: Amplification failure was reported only with the cPCR in samples of low concentrations using both primer sets. Quantitative PCR detected the 8 different dilutions of the purified Toxoplasma gondii using the 2 sets of primers while cPCR was sensitive to detect only 6 different dilutions. CONCLUSION: Generally real-time quantitative molecular assays, is easy to use method compared to conventional PCR assay and produces more reliable results within only one hour time but still the possible application of qPCRs in routine diagnosis necessitates analysis of a large number of clinical samples in further studies to make the proper choice

Cognitive Functioning in a Pilot Sample of Childhood Cancer Patients in Egypt

Abstract A subset of cancer survivors experience cognitive deficits that can last for many years after the completion of chemotherapy. The etiology of this problem is largely unknown, so the present study aimed to assess cognitive functioning in childhood patients with cancer and to investigate the proposed disposing factors including variables related to disease, treatment, and some socio-demographic characteristics. In a case control study parents of 67 cancer patients aged 8-12 years, completed the parent proxy report of PedsQL™ 3.0 Cognitive Functioning Scale (Arabic versions), as well as a separate sheet for socio-demographic data. Control group consisted of 37 healthy subjects from the same age group were subjected to the same methodology for comparison. All patients under the study have successfully accomplished their treatment protocol and were in complete remission during the evaluation. Hematological malignancies represented 70.1% of the patients sample, with the highest proportion for ALL (52.2%). Brain tumors represented 40% of the solid malignancies (29.9% of the study patients). Cognitive functioning score was significantly lower in the solid group (69.6±37.3) compared to the hematologic group (85.1±22.2) (t = 2.1, p =0.038). Cognitive functioning score was also lower in solid group versus control subjects (p =0.047), while it showed no significant difference between hematological malignancies and control group. Older age at diagnosis, urban residence, illiterate mothers, higher duration of treatment as well as long duration of hospital admission were associated with a lower cognitive score in the solid tumors group compared to hematological group

Pericardial Cyst in a Neonate

Pericardial cyst is a rare entity, often discovered incidentally on routine chest radiographs. Some studies reported an incidence of about 1:100.000. Symptomatic cysts presenting in the neonatal period are very rare. Most of the patients are asymptomatic, but can cause symptoms when they undergo complications or on account of their large size. We describe the case of a neonate presenting with tachypneau where a pericardial cyst was diagnosed with echocardiography and computer tomography, the cyst was successfully resected with open heart surgery

Horizontal Gene Transfer as an Indispensable Driver for Evolution of Neocallimastigomycota into a Distinct Gut-Dwelling Fungal Lineage

Survival and growth of the anaerobic gut fungi (AGF; Neocallimastigomycota) in the herbivorous gut necessitate the possession of multiple abilities absent in other fungal lineages. We hypothesized that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) was instrumental in forging the evolution of AGF into a phylogenetically distinct gut-dwelling fungal lineage. The patterns of HGT were evaluated in the transcriptomes of 27 AGF strains, 22 of which were isolated and sequenced in this study, and 4 AGF genomes broadly covering the breadth of AGF diversity. We identified 277 distinct incidents of HGT in AGF transcriptomes, with subsequent gene duplication resulting in an HGT frequency of 2 to 3.5% in AGF genomes. The majority of HGT events were AGF specific (91.7%) and wide (70.8%), indicating their occurrence at early stages of AGF evolution. The acquired genes allowed AGF to expand their substrate utilization range, provided new venues for electron disposal, augmented their biosynthetic capabilities, and facilitated their adaptation to anaerobiosis. The majority of donors were anaerobic fermentative bacteria prevalent in the herbivorous gut. This study strongly indicates that HGT indispensably forged the evolution of AGF as a distinct fungal phylum and provides a unique example of the role of HGT in shaping the evolution of a high-rank taxonomic eukaryotic lineage.IMPORTANCE The anaerobic gut fungi (AGF) represent a distinct basal phylum lineage (Neocallimastigomycota) commonly encountered in the rumen and alimentary tracts of herbivores. Survival and growth of anaerobic gut fungi in these anaerobic, eutrophic, and prokaryote-dominated habitats necessitates the acquisition of several traits absent in other fungal lineages. We assess here the role of horizontal gene transfer as a relatively fast mechanism for trait acquisition by the Neocallimastigomycota postsequestration in the herbivorous gut. Analysis of 27 transcriptomes that represent the broad diversity of Neocallimastigomycota identified 277 distinct HGT events, with subsequent gene duplication resulting in an HGT frequency of 2 to 3.5% in AGF genomes. These HGT events have allowed AGF to survive in the herbivorous gut by expanding their substrate utilization range, augmenting their biosynthetic pathway, providing new routes for electron disposal by expanding fermentative capacities, and facilitating their adaptation to anaerobiosis. HGT in the AGF is also shown to be mainly a cross-kingdom affair, with the majority of donors belonging to the bacteria. This study represents a unique example of the role of HGT in shaping the evolution of a high-rank taxonomic eukaryotic lineage