Myanmar Dengue Outbreak Associated with Displacement of Serotypes 2, 3, and 4 by Dengue 1

In 2001, Myanmar (Burma) had its largest outbreak of dengue—15,361 reported cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), including 192 deaths. That year, 95% of dengue viruses isolated from patients were serotype 1 viruses belonging to two lineages that had diverged from an earlier, now extinct, lineage sometime before 1998. The ratio of DHF to DSS cases in 2001 was not significantly different from that in 2000, when 1,816 cases of DHF/DSS were reported and dengue 1 also was the most frequently isolated serotype. However, the 2001 ratio was significantly higher than that in 1998 (also an outbreak year) and in 1999, when all four serotypes were detected and serotypes 1, 2, and 3 were recovered in similar numbers. The large number of clinical cases in 2001 may have been due, in part, to a preponderance of infections with dengue 1 viruses

Transaction Management Using Serial Validation Approach for Relational Database

Nowadays, accessing the same database from the different applications is natural when one company wants to sell their products not only by itself but also by other partner companies or agencies. The accesses to the database can be transactions from many client applications. It needs to monitor, examine, and control the concurrent accesses so that the overall correctness of the database is maintained. In our case study, we implements data accessed components which uses the serial validation with optimistic concurrency scheme to ensure the serial equivalence of the overlapping client transactions. The use of a multi-tiered architecture to develop the overall system architecture will meet the best architecture design decision to distributed deployment of these components as a separate tire on the web. These components can be connected via their interfaces from any application client and concurrency control is achieved through them

Effect of Different Seed Moisture Contents and Storage Containers on Seed Quality of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

The experiments were conducted separately for green gram and chickpea at laboratory of the De-partment of Agronomy, Yezin Agricultural University, from March to December 2016. The objectives were (1) to study the effect of seed moisture content and storage container on seed quality, (2) to investi-gate the interaction effect of seed moisture content and storage container on seed quality, and (3) to find out the optimum seed moisture content and proper storage container to preserve seed quality of green gram and chickpea. For each crop, the factorial experiment (6 x 3) was laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design comprising of six levels of seed moisture contents (7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%) as factor A and three types of storage container (air tight tin bin, bamboo basket, woven plastic bag) as factor B with three replications. Green gram was stored for six months and chickpea for nine months at ambient condition. Evaluation of seed quality parameters was done before and after storage for compari-son. After storage, significant variations were observed in seed quality parameters in both crops, but no interaction effect between seed moisture content and storage container in all observations except in seed moisture of stored seeds. In green gram, germination percentage, germination index, seed vigour index I and II were relatively higher in air tight tin bin than other containers at all seed moisture levels tested. In case of chickpea, maximum values were recorded in germination percentage, germination index, seed vigour index I and seed vigour index II at seed moisture content of 7 % and 8 % in the storage with air tight container. Seed quality decreased with increase in moistue of seeds to be stored. Based on the find-ing of this research, it can be recommended that the range of seed moisture contents from 7 % to 12 % was the optimal during six months of air tight storage for seed quality of green gram. For chickpea seed quality, storage in air tight tin bin at 7 % seed moisture content was appropriate for nine months

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of some Myanmar Mango (Mangifera spp. L.) Accessions using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

Abstract—Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a favorite fruit in the world especially in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. It is a rich source of vitamins, ß-carotene, minerals, and antioxidants. Mango is known as “the king of fruits” for its taste and flavor. It is native to Southern Asia, especially Burma and eastern India. Since Myanmar is one of the origins of mango. A wide genetic diversity may be found in Myanmar accordingly. Some phenotypic characterizations of Myanmar mangoes have been done but the information of genetic assessments is still limited. Therefore, the present study intended to make genetic assessments of some Myanmar mango accessions collected from different geographical regions using Simple Sequence Repeat markers (SSR). This study was carried out at the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Yezin Agricultural University (YAU). Fully grown mango leaf samples were used to extract total genomic DNA. The DNAs were extracted by modified CTAB method and checked purity and concentration with nano spectrophotometer. The sample DNAs were amplified using five pairs of SSR primers. One SSR (MSSR80) revealed as monomorphic marker among tested 94 mango accessions. The data were analysed using Structure 2.2 and Phylip software package. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA6 software program. According to population structure analysis, 94 mango accessions could be distinguished into three populations though four accessions were assessed as admixtures. Four accessions; Parr Phyu Thee (Kinda), Pann Bin Ga Lar (Kalar Gyi), Pyo Ta Ngon (Kinda) and Yin Kwae (Kinda) stood as admixtures. No correlation between the geographical distribution and population structure of mango was found. One accession, Sein Ta Lone (Pan Swae) stood as an outstanding accession in phylogenetic tree constructed by Phylip program although it was grouped together with Shwe Myo Sae, Ma Chit Su and others in population structure analysis. It was hard to say discrete population. Almost all accessions of a population possessed some alleles from other populations. It implied that cross pollination nature plays an important role in mango gene pool. Accordingly, wider genetic diversity would be expected among mango population in Myanmar

MOESM1 of Clinical and molecular surveillance of drug resistant vivax malaria in Myanmar (2009–2016)

Additional file 1. Genotypes based on the co-prevalence of the drug resistance vivax makers