Die Geschichte der Egiz Eriq Ḫoğilar ("Hoch-Graben Ḫoǧās‟) in Qarqaš - eine orale Tradition aus Ḫotän, Süd-Xinjiang

Little research has been done so far on the subject of a group of Ḫoǧās of southern Xinjiang who claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad and who were based in a village called Egiz Eriq in the Ḫotän region, whence they became known as the Egiz Eriq Ḫoğilar. Usually, when Ḫoǧās in Xinjiang are touched upon, two rivalling groups are referred to, namely the Aqtaġliq ("White mountain folk”; Chinese: Bai shan pai 白山派) and the Qarataġliq ("Black mountain folk”; Chinese: Hei shan pai 黑山派), all of which are factions belonging to the Naqšbandiyya Sufi network and which - in the wake of the controversial figure of Āfāq Ḫoǧā (d. 1694) - have had a decisive impact on the religious, social and political life of the population of Xinjiang from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. The article of Ǧappar Rähimi, by contrast, focuses on the small aristocratic group of Ḫoǧās who had exerted a feudalistic rule over Qarqaš in the wilayät Ḫotän and who by the evidence of their silsila (in which occurs the name of the Sufi Nağm al-Dīn al-Kubrā of Ḫwārazm [d. 1221]) have oriented themselves to authorities other than the Naqšbandiyya. The article translated into German by Bahargül Hamut in close cooperation with Florian Sobieroj may be considered the first serious study of this group of Ḫoğas in China by any Uyghur language author. It offers some valuable insights from an ethnological as well as historiographical point of view (matters discussed include the question of an involvement of the Egiz Eriq Ḫoğilar in the uprisings against the Chinese rule of the Qing dynasty and during the Republic) into a little-known area of Uyghur Islamic culture in the Chinese peripher

Exergy and exergoeconomic analyses and optimization of thermal management systems in electric and hybrid electric vehicles

With the recent improvements in battery technologies, in terms of energy density, cost and size, the electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technologies have shown that they can compete with conventional vehicles in many areas. Although EVs and HEVs offer potential solutions for many key issues related to conventional vehicles, they still face considerable challenges that prevent the widespread commercialization of these technologies, such as thermal management of batteries and electrification. In this PhD thesis, a liquid thermal management system (TMS) for hybrid electric vehicles is investigated and evaluated against alternative thermal management systems, and optimal parameters are selected to maximize the system efficiency. In order to achieve this goal, a model of the liquid thermal management system is established to determine the irreversibilities and second-law efficiencies associated with the overall system and its components. Furthermore, the effects of different configurations, refrigerants and operating conditions are analyzed with respect to conventional exergy analyses. In addition, advanced exergy analyses are also conducted in order to better identify critical relationships between the TMS components and determine where the system improvement efforts should be concentrated. Moreover, investment costs are calculated and cost formation of the system is developed in order to evaluate the TMS with respect to exergoeconomic principles and provide corresponding recommendations. Environmental impact correlations are developed, along with a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA), to highlight components causing significant environmental impact, and to suggest trends and possibilities for improvement based on the exergoenvironmental variables. Finally, the TMS is optimized using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm which considers exergetic and exergoeconomic as well as exergetic and exergoenvironmental objectives simultaneously with respect to the decision variables and constraints. Based on the conducted research for the studied system under the baseline conditions, the exergy efficiency, total cost rate and environmental impact rate are determined to be 0.29, ??28/h and 77.3 mPts/h, respectively. The exergy destruction associated with each component is split into endogenous/exogenous and avoidable/unavoidable parts, where the exogenous exergy destruction is determined to be relatively small but significant portion of the total exergy destruction in each component (up to 40%), indicating a moderate level of interdependencies among the components of the TMS. Furthermore, it is determined that up to 70% of the exergy destruction calculated within the components could potentially be avoided. According to the analyses, electric battery is determined to have the highest exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental importance in the system, with cost rate of ??3.5/h and environmental impact value of 37.72 mPts/h, due to the high production cost of lithium ion batteries and the use of copper and gold in the battery pack. From an exergoeconomic viewpoint, it is determined that the investment costs of the condenser and evaporator should be reduced to improve the costeffectiveness of the system. On the other hand, from an exergoenvironmental viewpoint, all the component efficiencies (except for the battery) should be improved in order to reduce the total environmental impact even if it increases the environmental impact during production of the components. In addition, it is determined that the coolant pump and the thermal expansion valve before the chiller are relatively insignificant from exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental perspectives. Subsequently, objective functions are defined and decision variables are selected, along with their respective system constraints, in order to conduct single and multiple objective optimizations for the system. Based on the single objective optimizations, it is determined that the exergy efficiency could be increased by up to 27% using exergy-based optimization, the cost can be reduced by up to 10% using cost-based optimization and the environmental impact can be reduced by up to 19% using environmental impact-based optimization, at the expense of the nonoptimized objectives. Moreover, multi-objective optimizations are conducted in order to provide the respective Pareto optimal curve for the system and to identify the necessary trade-offs within the optimized objectives. Based on the exergoeconomic optimization, it is concluded that 14% higher exergy efficiency and 5% lower cost can be achieved, compared to baseline parameters at an expense of 14% increase in the environmental impact. Furthermore, based on the exergoenvironmental optimization, 13% higher exergy efficiency and 5% lower environmental impact can be achieved at the expense of 27% increase in the total cost

Exergy and exergoeconomic analyses and optimization of thermal management systems in electric and hybrid electric vehicles

With the recent improvements in battery technologies, in terms of energy density, cost and size, the electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technologies have shown that they can compete with conventional vehicles in many areas. Although EVs and HEVs offer potential solutions for many key issues related to conventional vehicles, they still face considerable challenges that prevent the widespread commercialization of these technologies, such as thermal management of batteries and electrification. In this PhD thesis, a liquid thermal management system (TMS) for hybrid electric vehicles is investigated and evaluated against alternative thermal management systems, and optimal parameters are selected to maximize the system efficiency. In order to achieve this goal, a model of the liquid thermal management system is established to determine the irreversibilities and second-law efficiencies associated with the overall system and its components. Furthermore, the effects of different configurations, refrigerants and operating conditions are analyzed with respect to conventional exergy analyses. In addition, advanced exergy analyses are also conducted in order to better identify critical relationships between the TMS components and determine where the system improvement efforts should be concentrated. Moreover, investment costs are calculated and cost formation of the system is developed in order to evaluate the TMS with respect to exergoeconomic principles and provide corresponding recommendations. Environmental impact correlations are developed, along with a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA), to highlight components causing significant environmental impact, and to suggest trends and possibilities for improvement based on the exergoenvironmental variables. Finally, the TMS is optimized using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm which considers exergetic and exergoeconomic as well as exergetic and exergoenvironmental objectives simultaneously with respect to the decision variables and constraints. Based on the conducted research for the studied system under the baseline conditions, the exergy efficiency, total cost rate and environmental impact rate are determined to be 0.29, ??28/h and 77.3 mPts/h, respectively. The exergy destruction associated with each component is split into endogenous/exogenous and avoidable/unavoidable parts, where the exogenous exergy destruction is determined to be relatively small but significant portion of the total exergy destruction in each component (up to 40%), indicating a moderate level of interdependencies among the components of the TMS. Furthermore, it is determined that up to 70% of the exergy destruction calculated within the components could potentially be avoided. According to the analyses, electric battery is determined to have the highest exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental importance in the system, with cost rate of ??3.5/h and environmental impact value of 37.72 mPts/h, due to the high production cost of lithium ion batteries and the use of copper and gold in the battery pack. From an exergoeconomic viewpoint, it is determined that the investment costs of the condenser and evaporator should be reduced to improve the costeffectiveness of the system. On the other hand, from an exergoenvironmental viewpoint, all the component efficiencies (except for the battery) should be improved in order to reduce the total environmental impact even if it increases the environmental impact during production of the components. In addition, it is determined that the coolant pump and the thermal expansion valve before the chiller are relatively insignificant from exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental perspectives. Subsequently, objective functions are defined and decision variables are selected, along with their respective system constraints, in order to conduct single and multiple objective optimizations for the system. Based on the single objective optimizations, it is determined that the exergy efficiency could be increased by up to 27% using exergy-based optimization, the cost can be reduced by up to 10% using cost-based optimization and the environmental impact can be reduced by up to 19% using environmental impact-based optimization, at the expense of the nonoptimized objectives. Moreover, multi-objective optimizations are conducted in order to provide the respective Pareto optimal curve for the system and to identify the necessary trade-offs within the optimized objectives. Based on the exergoeconomic optimization, it is concluded that 14% higher exergy efficiency and 5% lower cost can be achieved, compared to baseline parameters at an expense of 14% increase in the environmental impact. Furthermore, based on the exergoenvironmental optimization, 13% higher exergy efficiency and 5% lower environmental impact can be achieved at the expense of 27% increase in the total cost

Integrated autonomic control of the regional coronary circulations at rest and during baroreflex activity in awake sheep

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)There is no consistency between studies of mammalian autonomic systems controlling the coronary circulation, particularly with respect to vagal cholinoceptor activity. Therefore, integrated autonomic control of regional coronary blood flow and conductance was investigated in chronically prepared awake sheep, and compared with data from this laboratory found in the awake dog. Coronary blood flow was measured simultaneously in the circumflex (Cx), right (R) and anterior descending (AD) beds by pulsed Doppler probes. Heart rate (HR) was controlled over the range of 100 to 180 beats/min by atrioventricular pacing. Baroreflex responses were evoked by elevating upper-body aortic pressure (Pa) using an external aortic occluder at HR of 150 and 180 beats/min. Specific agonists determined that effective populations of α-, β-adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors exist in all three coronary beds. Cholinoceptors (ch) and β-adrenoceptors (β) evoke vasodilatation, whereas α-adrenoceptors (α) evoke vasoconstriction. By contrast, electrical vagal stimulation constricts all 3 coronary beds, an effect blocked by methscopolamine. Pacing the heart upward raised baroreflex and metabolic activity and a differential rise in coronary conductance where Cx was greatest followed by R then AD. Block of ch, β and α alone, and together, at different HR revealed that, 1. in all 3 beds an underlying ch constrictor effect is balanced by the summed dilator effects of β, plus a probable α-enhanced vagal, vasointestinal peptide (VIP) interaction mechanism, 2. the net effects summate to enhance flow and conductance in Cx, but not in R and AD. At high HR, there is some waning of the neural mechanisms but raising and sustaining Pa at constant HR can recruit these mechanisms in each bed indicating ch, β and α/VIP, are baroreflex dependent even at the highest physiological HR. Therefore, differences do exist between species, for in particular baroreflex evoked cholinoceptor effects in the mammalian coronary circulation. They are vasoconstrictor in sheep, and vasodilator in the dog. These species differences specify successful alternatives in the evolution of reflex systems to meet the demand for coronary blood flow

Sözlü, yazılı ve görsel kültür ışığında Jacques Ellul'un teknoloji toplumu ve medya anlayışı

Ellul’a göre günümüzde insanlığı kurtarmak isteyen önce sözü kurtarmalıdır. Söz’ün geldiği durumu anlamak için önce sözlü kültür döneminde sözün ‘doğal’ taşınış şekillerini, daha sonra yazı ile tanışan toplumlarda sözün nasıl nesne halini aldığını ve son olarak da günümüzdeki –görsel kültür çağında– imaja yönelik toplumsallığı anlamamız gerekiyor. Sözlü kültür dönemindeki ilkel teknik anlayış ile bizim yaşadığımız teknolojik tahakküm arasında hiçbir benzerlik bulunmamaktadır. Yazı ve okuryazarlıkla beraber sözün nesne haline gelmesi, bizi hakikat ve gerçek ayrımına maruz bırakır. Bu ayrım analitik düşünme sisteminin kapısını aralar. Kapitalizmin gelişiyle teknoloji, iletişim ekseninde bir araç olmaktan çıkıp amaç haline dönüşür. Artık biz teknolojik çevremiz üzerinde hâkimiyet kazanamayız, çünkü bizim gerçek diye kabul ettiğimiz tek tecrübe bizatihi tekniği kendine sembolleştirmenin sonucudur. Teknik bizi hiçbir çıkışı olmayan bir çembere hapseder ve gerçeği hakikat gibi göstermeye çalışır. Onun için söz hakikati, imaj ise gerçekliği temsil eder. Bu çalışma, Ellul’ün teknolojik anlayışında sözün kendini imajlara teslim edişini ve bunun topluma yansımalarını teknik açıdan ele almaktadır.--------------------According to Ellul, anyone who wants to save humanity must save the word first. In order to understand the current situation of 'the Word' we should first understand the ways how the word were transferred "naturally" in the oral period; then we need to comprehend how the word became an object in the societies that met with the writing; and finally the image-oriented sociality of today -the age of visionary culture. There is no similarity between the primitive technical understanding in the period of oral culture and the technological domination in the present days. The fact that after the emergence of writing and literacy the word turned out to be an object exposes us to the distinction between the truth and reality. This distinction opens the door to the analytical thinking system. The advent of capitalism, technology turned out to be the goal from being a means of communication. We are no longer able to dominate technological space, because the only experience we consider to be real is the result of symbolizing the technique itself. The technique captures us in a vicious circle, and tries to show the reality as truth. For him the word represents the truth, and the image the reality. This study deals with the delivery of the word to the image and its reflection on the society in Ellul's understanding of technology