Chronology of the Events of the Samarqand “Observatory and School” Based on some Old Persian Texts: a Revision

In the 9th century c. A.H/15 c. A.D Ulugh Beg, the son of Shāhrukh, became the ruler of Samarqand and invited a group of astronomers and mathematicians to Samarqand to establish a school (madrasa) and observatory there. During the last century some historians of science dealt with the details of the events which occurred in that scientific circle and tried to identify the dates of the events concerning this circle.It seems that some of these events have been neglected, or incorrectly dated by them. It mainly goes back to two reasons. The first one was the differences in citations between historical sources and the second one was the way in which the dates can be interpreted.The present article follows three main aims. First of all, it provides a time table of the known events related to the scientific circle and observatory. Secondly it deals with the dated events in various historical Persian texts, based on possible different translations and interpretations. Thirdly we will discuss the possible different dates given by some researchers on these events and will distinguish those which may be more authentic. It is noteworthy to say that the Persian texts concerning the Samarqand School and Observatory are translated into English in this article for the first time

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AMONG EMPLOYEES OF GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED SUBGROUPS TEHRAN MUNICIPALITY

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment among Tehran City municipality staff. The research method is descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the staff of the districts in Tehran (N = 420). The statistical sample was 201 randomly selected according to the Krejsi-Morgan table among the employees of Tehran's 15-9 district. The research instrument included two questionnaires, emotional intelligence and organizational commitment which had an appropriate validity and reliability. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Data analysis showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment (P <0.05). In explaining the results of this study, it can be concluded that employees with high emotional intelligence, cooperation, creativity and communication between They show a better person, they are able to understand, express and manage their emotions, which affects their attitude towards their work, colleagues, managers, executives, and their commitment to the organization. It is suggested that municipalities take courses To train emotional intelligence for the staff of this collection.  Article visualizations

Dichlorido(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-κ2 N,N′)cobalt(II)

In the title compound, [CoCl2(C14H12N2)], the CoII atom is four-coordinated in a distorted tetra­hedral geometry by two N atoms from a 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligand and two Cl atoms. The Co atom and the phenanthroline unit are located on a mirror plane. The methyl H atoms are disordered about the mirror plane and areeach half-occupied. In the crystal structure, π–π inter­actions between the pyridine and benzene rings and between the pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.8821 (9) and 3.9502 (10) Å, respectively] stabilize the structure

Xeroderma pigmentosum: clues to understanding cancer initiation

AbstractXeroderma pigmentosum (XP) type C is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that occurs because of inactivation of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein, which is an important DNA damage recognition protein involved in DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER). This defect, which prevents removal of a wide array of direct and indirect DNA lesions, is associated with a decrease in catalase activity. As a novel photoprotective approach, lentivirus-mediated catalase overexpression in XPC human keratinocytes results in a marked decrease in sunburn cell formation, caspase-3 activation, and p53 accumulation following UVB irradiation. While not correcting the gene defect, indirect gene therapy using antioxidant enzymes may be helpful in limiting photosensitivity in XP type C, as well as in other monogenic/polygenic photosensitive disorders characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a major transcription factor sensitive to oxygen levels, responds to various stress factors. As a common stressor of skin, UVB induces a biphasic HIF-1a variation through ROS generation in keratinocytes. HIF-1a has an important regulator effect on the expression of XPC protein and other NER genes, indicating indirect regulation of NER by ROS. The intrinsic genomic instability arising in XP type C provides a good opportunity to investigate the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect (the shift of mito-chondrial metabolism towards glycolysis). Overall, the monogenic disorder XP type C is a powerful tool for studying photoprotection and cancer

Downregulation of Glutamine Synthetase, not glutaminolysis, is responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1-driven acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The cellular receptor Notch1 is a central regulator of T-cell development, and as a consequence, Notch1 pathway appears upregulated in > 65% of the cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, strategies targeting Notch1 signaling render only modest results in the clinic due to treatment resistance and severe side effects. While many investigations reported the different aspects of tumor cell growth and leukemia progression controlled by Notch1, less is known regarding the modifications of cellular metabolism induced by Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL. Previously, glutaminolysis inhibition has been proposed to synergize with anti-Notch therapies in T-ALL models. In this work, we report that Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL induced a change in the metabolism of the important amino acid glutamine, preventing glutamine synthesis through the downregulation of glutamine synthetase (GS). Downregulation of GS was responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1-driven T-ALL both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also confirmed an increase in glutaminolysis mediated by Notch1. Increased glutaminolysis resulted in the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, a central controller of cell growth. However, glutaminolysis did not play any role in Notch1-induced glutamine addiction. Finally, the combined treatment targeting mTORC1 and limiting glutamine availability had a synergistic effect to induce apoptosis and to prevent Notch1-driven leukemia progression. Our results placed glutamine limitation and mTORC1 inhibition as a potential therapy against Notch1-driven leukemia.This work was supported by funds from the followinginstitutions: Agencia Estatal de Investigacion/Euro-pean Regional Development Fund, European Union(PGC2018-096244-B-I00, SAF2016-75442-R), Ministryof Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain,Spanish National Research Council—CSIC, InstitutNational de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale—INSERM, Ligue Contre le Cancer—Gironde, Univer-site de Bordeaux, Fondation pour la Recherche Medi-cale, the Conseil Regional d’Aquitaine, SIRIC-BRIO,Fondation ARC and Institut Europeen de Chimie etBiologie. MJN was supported by a bourse d’excellencede la Federation Wallonie-Bruxelles (WBI) and a post-doctoral fellowship from Fondation ARC. We thankVincent Pitard (Flow Cytometry Platform, Universitede Bordeaux, France) for technical assistance in flowcytometry experiments. We thank Diana Cabrera(Metabolomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Spain) fortechnical assistance in metabolomics analysi

Downregulation of Glutamine Synthetase, not glutaminolysis, is responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1-driven acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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Approche préclinique de transfert de gène des enzymes antioxydantes en vue de photoprotection cutanée

Le rayonnement solaire atteignant la surface de la terre est le facteur de risque le plus important dand le développement du cancer de peau. Afin d'améliorer des stratégies de prévention et de thérapie des cancers de la peau, les rapports entre les voies de signalisation cellulaires qui modulent les réponses à l'irradiation UV ont besoin d'être mieux clarifiés. Compte tenu du rôle des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) dans la régulation de la réponse cellulaire au stress, soit en oxydant les macromolécules biologiques, soit en jouant le rôle de second messager, nos travaux ont été centrés sur l'étude des ROS dans la réponse cellulaire aux UV. Nos résultats montrent que l'irradiation UVB aboutit à une production de ROS en deux étapes : une vague apparaît immédiatement après irradiation puis une autre 3 heures après. Tandis que le premier pic est produit par l'induction d'une NADPH oxydase cytoplasmique, le deuxième est dépendant de l'activité mitochondriale. Les ROS UVB- induits déclenchent les deux voies (intrinsèque et extrinsèque) de la signalisation de l'apoptose. Nos résultats démontrent que la surexpression de la catalase dans les kératinocytes et dans les épidermes reconstruits réduit l'apoptose UVB- induite. Cette moindre apoptose est associée à une diminution de l'activation des caspases et de l'accumulation de p53. Nous avons également constaté que l'irradiation UVB induit une variation biphasique du facteur de transcription HIF- 1a (Hipoxia-inducible factor-1) dépendante de la génération et de l'origine des ROS. Nos expériences révèlent un rôle majeur de HIF-1a dans la modulation de l'apopotose UVB-induite et aussi l'existence d'une interaction entre p53 et HIF-1a dans les keratinocytes. L'impact de HIF-1a sur l'expression de nombreux gènes suggère que cetteprotéine puisse être un régulateur majeur des gènes UV-induits et de la photocarcinogenèse.The solar UV radiation reaching the earth's surface is the most important factor for the development of skin cancer. To improve the strategies of prevention and therapy of skin cancers, relationships between the cellular signaling pathways that modulate responses to UV irradiation in skin cells need a more in-depth understanding. Considering the effect of ROS in the regulation of cellular responses to stresses either through the oxidation of macromolecules or as a second messager, we investigated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in keratinocyte responses to UV irradiation. Our results indicate that UVB induce an increase in ROS levels at two distinct stages ; immediately following irradiation and around 3 hours after irradiation. While the primary peak results from the activity of a cytoplasmic NADPH oxidase, the second originates from mitochondrial activity. UVB-induced ROS mediate apopotosis by triggering both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Reduction of apoptosis by catalase overexpression in keratinocyte as well as reconstructed epidermis is accompanied by a reduction of caspase-3 activation and a decrease in p53 accumulation. We also found that UVB induces a biphasic variation of the transcription factor HIF-1a (Hipoxia-inducible factor-1) through ROS generation. Our experiments reveal a key role of HIF-1a in mediating UVB- induced apoptosis and the existence of cross-talk between the tumor suppressor p53 and HIF-1a in keratinocytes. The broad impact of HIF-1a on gene expression suggests that it could be a key regulator of UV-responsive genes and photocarcinogenesis.BORDEAUX2-BU Santé (330632101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Effect of span length on alternate path capacity of welded unreinforced flange-bolted web connections

In this study, the effect of span length on progressive collapse resistance capacity of Welded Unreinforced Flange-Bolted web (WUF-B) connections was investigated by using the alternate path method as per Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC). Towards this aim, several nonlinear analyses were performed for three generic moment resisting frames with WUF-B connections considering various span lengths. In order to reduce the simulation time, a macro-element, or component-based model is introduced and verified against the NIST test results. The analysis results revealed that for a certain frame length, by decreasing the span length (increasing the number of spans) as an indirect approach, it is possible to enhance the alternate path capacity WUF-B connections and decrease the risk of progressive collapse occurrence. For example, for the cases studies here, it was shown that by decreasing the span length to half the failure overload factor of the frame increases more than twice

Evaluation of the effects of soil texture on yield and growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil texture on flower and corm yield of saffron. This experiment was carried out based on Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments and four replications in box at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2011. Treatments included of: 1- 100% field soil + cow manure, 2- 70% field soil + 30% sand, 3- 70% field soil + 30% sand + cow manure and 4- 70% sand + 30% field soil + cow manure. Results showed that the effect of soil texture was significant on all flower and corm properties. The highest flower and stigma fresh weight per box (1.59 and 0.10 g, respectively) and petal dry weight (0.12 g) were observed in 70% sand + 30% field soil + cow manure. The highest corm number in 2-3 cm diameter per box was obtained in 70% field soil + 30% sand + cow manure (3.75 numbers). Treatment of 70% sand + 30% field soil + cow manure produced the highest corm number in 3-6 g (1.75 numbers) and 6-9 g (1.25 numbers) per box, but the lowest values of most studied indices were obtained in 100% field soil + cow manure. Generally, our results indicated that light soil texture has more advantages than heavy soil texture in saffron cultivation. Therefore, soil modification through lighter soil application can improve saffron flower and corm yield