Sex steroids and intestinal amino acid transport in rainbow trout, Salmo airdneri Richardson

The effects of sane anabolic and naturally-occuring sex steroids on intestinal transport of leucine have been studied in rainbow trout (Sallno gairdneri), in vivo (gut perfusion), and in vitro (everted gut sacs or intestinal strips). Administration of 17a-methyltestosterone (Mr) by injection for a prolo03ed period of time, enhanced intestinal transport and accumulation of leucine. 11-ketotestosterone (KT) or MT treatment in vitro, by direct addition to incubation media, elicited significant short-term increases in active transport of leucine, without effecting intestinal accumulation. Luminal administration of Mr in vivo similarly elicited short-term responses, without effecting leucine accumulation in the intestine or other peripheral tissues. However; neither MT nor KT significantly affected intestinal transport of water in trout. Although long term injection of oestradiol (E2) enhanced intestinal transport and accumulation of leucine, E2 treatment in vitro was without effect. Addition of ouabain or 2,4,dinitrophenol in the presence of MT abolished steroid-stimulated leucine transform, in vitro. No significant differences were observed between immature male or female trout with respect to either transport of leucine and water, or intestinal granular cell density. However, 'apparent' Na+ absorption and percentage fold height were higher in females, while total intestinal thickness and enterocyte heights were greater in males. These sex differences were essentially abolished. after gonadectany. It is suggested that the short-term effects of the androgenic steroids might be partly mediated through increased activity of Na+,K+,ATPase, and that steroid-induced growth promotion in fish may,to sane extent, be a consequence of enhanced efficiency of intestinal function

Qanat system, an ancient water management system in Iran: History, architectural design and fish diversity

Ancient Iran is one of the leading civilizations that actively appear to water resources management, especially by the invention of "Qanat", an artificial underground system/ subterranean tunnel-wells system where the water flows through gravity on a slight slope in arid and semi-arid regions at least 5000 years ago. Qanats were innovated in ancient Iran, spread throughout much of the Middle East, and extended into North Africa, Spain, Italy, and South Asia. Tools preparation, size selection, digging the first and deepest vertical shaft known as "mother-well", digging several other vertical shafts along a line between the mother-well and Qanat outlet, and constructing a horizontal connection between vertical shafts (known as the main tunnel), which guides the water out through an outlet, are the main steps in Qanat construction. By this innovation, Iranian solved their water-related problems using the basic concepts of Hydraulics. In the same way, water-related infrastructures were built using locally available materials to make a better life for humans and other wonderful well-designed and well-adapted organisms in dry and semi-dry regions, yielding great civilization with a simple, but a fantastic architecture that provides cold water in hot summer and warm water in cold winter. By means of these ancient underground structures, water was funneled from mountainous areas and aquifers to lower lands and thus alluvial fans could be opened up to settlement, and an agrarian civilization developed and evolved. In addition, Qanat provides a continual flow suitable for many aquatic organisms, including crabs, amphipods (gamarids), freshwater shrimps, and fishes. Qantas are home and refugia to about 42 fish species (36 native and 6 exotic species) belonging to 20 genera, 7 families, and 2 orders. The Qanat ichthyofauna is dominated by Cyprinidae with 19 species (45.2 %) followed by Leuciscidae and Nemacheilidae (6 species, 14.28% each), Poeciliidae and Aphaniidae (4 species, 9.52%), and Cobitidae (1 species 2.38%). It is about 14% of the total ichthyofauna of Iran. The Qanat ichthyofauna comprises 36 natives (including 20 endemics) and 6 exotic species. Qanat fauna dominates by species that are generally of small size, are broadcast spawners, nonmigratory, and have a wide tolerance of environmental conditions

The Diabetes Mellitus-Related Problems among Diabetic Elderly

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the main cause of death and disability in the elderly. We aimed to evaluate the diabetes mellitus-related problems in elderly participants attended the diabetes clinic of Ardabil. In a cross-sectional analytical study, 91 elderly participants were randomly enrolled. Standard Problem Area in Diabetes scale was used. Data were obtained through interview and analyzed using SPSS version 22 by descriptive and analytical methods. The mean and standard deviation of the Total Problems Related to Diabetes Mellitus was 31.51 ± 15.37. There were significant relationships between Total Problems Related to DM and marital status (P=0.02), the score of depression-related problems and gender (P=0.04) and the score of treatment barriers with the family composition (P=0.009) and marital status (P=0.005). Elderly with further chronic illness have had additional treatment barriers (P=0.02). Most of the elderly are suffering from various DM-associated problems. They needed to be taken into account in promotion planning sex, family composition, and numbers of chronic diseases

Aplikasi penugasan Student Journalist terhadap peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Fiqih di kelas XI IPA-1 MAN Kediri 2 Kota Kediri

ABSTRACT The learning system nowadays is likely more focused on the student, till the student are demanded to learn more active in looking for the knowledge while the teacher has a duty as the facilitator, guide, motivator, etc. But, practically, there are many learning system is centre on the teacher and the student are passive in the learning process. In the other hand, there are many teachers use the conventional method like preaching. It makes the process becomes monotone and boring for the students. It becomes worst by the problems that occur on the Fiqih subject. The problems are memorizing the materials, understanding and experience the materials and it also needs to be analyzed, think critically and creative in order to make the material becomes meaningful for the student. The lack of learning media that support the material of Fiqih subject; the lack of student’s interest in the material of Fiqih subject. The student, commonly, are focused on the National Examination (NE) subjects like math, Bahasa Indonesia, biology, etc. It makes the student feel get difficulties to have a concentration towards the other subjects. The problems that occur make the student’s spirit and motivation decreased and the learning achievement is not in maximum level. To solve the problems, the proper method is needed. So, in this research, the researcher uses the student journalist task application. It is the method where the students are given the task to write the report in the society about the material. The writing can be taken from the student’s experience or from the other people. The Fiqih material does not only focus on the theory but it also focuses on the application that is applied in the society’s daily life. So, it is appropriate with the student journalist task method where the students are able to write the report in the society and exchange the information with the other friends. This research is held in MAN Kediri 2 city of Kediri by using the 11 grade students of IPA-1 as the subject. The purpose is to know the process of the upgrading of the students learning achievement by using the student journalist task method to the 11 grade students of IPA-1 MAN Kediri 2 city of Kediri. The particular objectives in this research are: 1). To describe the upgrading of the student’s learning achievement in Fiqih subject in the class of 11 grade IPA-1 MAN Kediri 2 city of Kediri; 2). To describe the upgrading of the student’s learning achievement in Fiqih subject by using the student journalist task in the 11 grade of IPA-1 MAN Kediri 2 city of Kediri. The approach used in this research is the qualitative approach by using classroom action research type. This research has scope in the student journalist task application towards to the upgrading of the student’s learning achievement in Fiqih subject. This research is expected to give the deep understanding about the student journalist method for the teacher and the reader. This research s divided into four steps: planning, implementation, observation and reflection. To know the upgrading student’s learning achievement by using the student journalist task method, the researcher uses pre-test, cycle test I and cycle test II to the 11 grade student of IPA-1 MAN Kediri 2 city of Kediri which has approximately 37 students. This research has two cycles and four meetings. The pre-test has been done before the students was given the action while the cycle test I is done after the action of the first cycle and the cycle test II is done after given the action in the second cycle. The result proves that the total of the students who fulfill the score of KKM is increasing from the pre test until the cycle test II. In the cycle test I has increase 67% from the student that fulfill the total score of KKM, the in the cycle test II also has increased about 33% from the previous test. ABSTRAK Pembelajaran sekarang ini lebih berpusat pada siswa, di mana siswa dituntut untuk lebih aktif dalam mencari ilmu, sedangkan guru bertugas sebagai fasilitator, pembimbing, motivator dan lain lain. Akan tetapi dalam prakteknya masih banyak pembelajaran yang berpusat pada guru dan siswa pasif dalam proses pembelajaran. Selain itu, sekarang masih banyak guru yang menggunakan metode konvensional seperti metode ceramah sehingga terkesan monoton dan membuat bosan para siswa. Hal ini diperparah dengan masalah-masalah yang terjadi pada pelajaran Fiqih, masalah tersebut antara lain: jam pelajaran hanya dua jam seminggu padahal pelajaran Fiqih tidak hanya menghafal materi, memahami dan menghayati materi tersebut tetapi juga dibutuhkan analisis, berfikir kritis dan kreatif sehingga materi bisa lebih bermakna bagi siswa; kurangnya media pembelajaran yang mendukung materi pelajaran Fiqih; kurangnya minat siswa dalam pelajaran Fiqih, para siswa pada umumnya lebih fokus pada pelajaran UN seperti matematika, bahasa Indonesia, Biologi dan lain-lain sehingga siswa sulit untuk konsentrasi saat pelajaran. Masalah yang terjadi membuat semangat dan motivasi belajar berkurang dan akhirnya akan membuat pemahaman siswa terhadap materi rendah sehingga prestasi belajar siswa kurang maksimal. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut diperlukan metode yang tepat. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan pembelajaran dengan penugasan student journalist. Yakni sebuah metode dimana siswa diberi tugas untuk menulis berita di masyarakat tentang materi yang sedang diajarkan, tulisan tersebut bisa diambil dari pengalaman siswa sendiri maupun orang lain. Materi Fiqih tidak hanya berkutat pada teori saja akan tetapi banyak praktek yang dipraktikkan di dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Sehingga sesuai dengan metode penugasan student journalist di mana siswa dapat menulis berita di masyarakat dan saling bertukar informasi dengan teman yang lain. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di MAN Kediri 2 Kota Kediri, dengan subjek penelitian siswa kelas XI IPA-1. Adapun tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini secara umum adalah untuk mengetahui proses peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa dengan menggunakan metode penugasan student journalist pada siswa kelas XI IPA-1 MAN Kediri 2 Kota Kediri. Sedangkan secara khusus tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1). Untuk mendeskripsikan usaha penugasan student journalist terhadap peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Fiqih di kelas XI-IPA 1 MAN Kediri 2 Kota Kediri; 2). Untuk mendeskripsikan peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Fiqih melalui penugasan student journalist di kelas XI-IPA 1 MAN Kediri 2 Kota Kediri. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research). Adapun penelitian ini terbatas pada aplikasi penugasan student journalist terhadap peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Fiqih, diharapkan mampu memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang metode penugasan student journalist bagi guru dan pembaca. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi empat tahapan yaitu: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi. Untuk mengetahui peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa dengan metode penugasan student journalist, peneliti melakukan pre test, test siklus I dan test siklus II pada siswa kelas XI IPA-1 MAN Kediri 2 Kota Kediri yang berjumlah 37 siswa. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua siklus dan empat kali pertemuan. Pre test dilakukan sebelum siswa diberi tindakan, sedangkan test siklus I dilakukan setelah diberi tindakan siklus pertama dan test siklus II dilakukan setelah diberi tindakan siklus kedua. Hasilnya membuktikan bahwa jumlah siswa yang memenuhi nilai KKM meningkat dari pre test sampai test siklus II. Pada test silkus I terjadi peningkatan 67% siswa yang memenuhi ketuntasan nilai KKM, kemudian pada test siklus II juga terjadi peningkatan 33% dari test sebelumnya

Evaluation of MARS for the spatial distribution modeling of carbon monoxide in an urban area

Spatial distribution modeling of CO in Tehran can lead to better air pollution management and control, and it is also suitable for exposure assessment and epidemiological studies. In this study MARS (Multi–variate Adaptive Regression Splines) is compared with typical interpolation techniques for spatial distribution modeling of hourly and daily CO concentrations in Tehran, Iran. The measured CO data in 2008 by 16 monitoring stations were used in this study. The Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) and Cross Validation techniques were utilized for the parameter optimization in the MARS and other techniques, respectively. Then the optimized techniques were compared based on the mean absolute of percentage error (MAPE). Although the Cokriging technique presented less MAPE than the Inverse Distance Weighting, Thin Plate Smooth Splines and Kriging techniques, MARS exhibited the least MAPE. In addition, the MARS modeling procedure is easy. Therefore, MARS has merit to be introduced as an appropriate method for spatial distribution modeling. The number of air pollution monitoring stations is very low (16 stations for 22 zones) and the distribution of stations is not suitable for spatial estimation, hence the level of errors was relatively high (more than 60%). Consequently, hourly and daily mapping of CO provides a limited picture of spatial patterns of CO in Tehran, but it is suitable for estimation of relative CO levels in different zones of Tehran. Hence, the map of mean annual CO concentration was generated by averaging daily CO distributions in 2008. It showed that the most polluted regions in Tehran are the central, eastern and southeastern parts, and mean annual CO concentration in these parts (zones 6, 12, 13, 14 and 15) is between 4.2 and 4.6 ppm

The Usage of Association Rule Mining to Identify Influencing Factors on Deafness After Birth

Background: Providing complete and high quality health care services has very important role to enable people to understand the factors related to personal and social health and to make decision regarding choice of suitable healthy behaviors in order to achieve healthy life. For this reason, demographic and clinical data of person are collecting, this huge volume of data can be known as a valuable resource for analyzing, exploring and discovering valuable information and communication. This study using forum rules techniques in the data mining has tried to identify the affecting factors on hearing loss after birth in Iran. Materials and Methods: The survey is kind of data oriented study. The population of the study is contained questionnaires in several provinces of the country. First, all data of questionnaire was implemented in the form of information table in Software SQL Server and followed by Data Entry using written software of C # .Net, then algorithm Association in SQL Server Data Tools software and Clementine software was implemented to determine the rules and hidden patterns in the gathered data. Findings: Two factors of number of deaf brothers and the degree of consanguinity of the parents have a significant impact on severity of deafness of individuals. Also, when the severity of hearing loss is greater than or equal to moderately severe hearing loss, people use hearing aids and Men are also less interested in the use of hearing aids. Conclusion: In fact, it can be said that in families with consanguineous marriage of parents that are from first degree (girl/boy cousins) and 2nd degree relatives (girl/boy cousins) and especially from first degree, the number of people with severe hearing loss or deafness are more and in the use of hearing aids, gender of the patient is more important than the severity of the hearing los

Differential Hepatic Gene Expression Profile of Male Fathead Minnows Exposed to Daily Varying Dose of Environmental Contaminants Individually and in Mixture

Environmental contaminants are known to impair reproduction, metabolism and development in wild life and humans. To investigate the mechanisms underlying adverse effects of contaminants, fathead minnows were exposed to a number of endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) including Nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol-A (BPA), Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and a mixture of the three chemicals for 21 days, followed by determination of the liver transcriptome by expression microarrays. Pathway analysis revealed a distinct mode of action for the individual chemicals and their mixture. The results showed expression changes in over 980 genes in response to exposure to these EDC contaminants individually and in mixture. Ingenuity Pathway core and toxicity analysis were used to identify the biological processes, pathways and the top regulators affected by these compounds. A number of canonical pathways were significantly altered, including cell cycle & proliferation, lipid metabolism, inflammatory, innate immune response, stress response, and drug metabolism. We identified 18 genes that were expressed in all individual and mixed treatments. Relevant candidate genes identified from expression microarray data were verified using quantitative PCR. We were also able to identify specific genes affected by NP, BPA, and DEHP individually, but were also affected by exposure to the mixture of the contaminants. Overall the results of this study provide novel information on the adverse health impact of contaminants tested based on pathway analysis of transcriptome data. Furthermore, the results identify a number of new biomarkers that can potentially be used for screening environmental contaminants

RASPODJELA I STATUS VIJUNA (Actinopetrigii: Cobitidae) U JUŽNOM SLIVU KASPIJSKOG JEZERA

In order to clarify the distribution pattern of Cobitis populations along the southern Caspian Sea basin, 97 specimens collected from five localities were morphologically examined. Univariate analysis of variance showed significant differences (P<0.05) among the means of the five groups for 28 of 33 standardized morphometric measurements and 7 of 10 meristic counts. In the linear discriminant function analysis (DFA) for morphometric characteristics, the overall assignment of individuals into their original groups was high (84.9%), indicating that these populations are highly divergent. The proportion of individuals correctly classified into their original groups were 77.4%, 77.3%, 100%, 100% and 89.5% for Cobitis sp. (Gisum River), Cobitis keyvani (Sefidroud River), C. keyvani (Tonekabon River), Cobitis faridpaki (Siahroud River) and C. keyvani (Talar River), respectively. Clustering based on Euclidean distances among these groups of centroids using UPGMA and principal components analysis (PCA) indicated that the southeastern Caspian spined loach populations are C. faridpaki and the south central ones are C. keyvani and an unknown population, Cobitis sp. is distinguished from the southwestern populations of the basin. Also the Tonekabon and Sefidroud Rivers were determined to be the two new habitats for C. keyvani in the region.Kako bi se razjasnila raspodjela populacije vrste Cobitis u južnom dijelu Kaspijskog jezera, morfološki je ispitano 97 jedinki te vrste, prikupljenih s pet različitih lokaliteta. Jednosmjerna analiza odstupanja pokazala je značajne razlike (P<0,05) između srednjih vrijednosti pet skupina u 28 od 33 standardiziranih morfometrijskih mjerenja, te 7 od 10 merističkih izračuna. Prilikom linearne diskriminantne funkcijske analize (DFA) prema morfometrijskim karakteristikama, ukupna podjela jedinki u njihove izvorne skupine bila je visoka (84,9%), što ukazuje na to da se te populacije znatno razlikuju. Udio pojedinačnih vrsta koje su ispravno klasificirane u svoje izvorne skupine bio je 77,4% kod vrste Cobitis sp. (rijeka Gisum), 77,3% kod vrste Cobitis keyvani (rijeka Sefidroud), 100% kod vrste C. keyvani (rijeka Tonekabon), 100% kod vrste Cobitis faridpaki (rijeka Siahroud) i 89,5% kod vrste C. keyvani (rijeka Talar). Grupiranjem na temelju euklidskih udaljenosti između ovih pet skupina centroida, koristeći rezultate UPGMA i analize glavnih sastavnica (PCA), utvrđeno je da C. faridpaki spadaju u jugoistočne kaspijske populacije vijuna, da C. keyvani spadaju u centralni južni dio jezera te da se nepoznata populacija, Cobitis sp., razlikuje od jugozapadnih populacija sliva Kaspijskog jezera. Rijeke Tonekabon i Sefidroud su dva nova staništa za vrstu C. keyvani u regiji