Prinsip kejuruteraan telekomunikasi

Telekomunikasi ialah proses penyampaian maklumat untuk jarak yang jauh, melebihi jarak yang boleh dicapai oleh suara manusia. Sejarah membuktikan manusia asalnya menyalurkan maklumat untuk jarak jauh melalui pelbagai kaedah primitif seperti menggunakan asap, bunyi atau surat sebagai perantara. Era sistem telekomunikasi moden tercetus apabila terciptanya telefon dan berkembang sehingga kepada komunikasi melalui internet. Sehubungan itu, buku ini meneroka prinsip asas sistem telekomunikasi yang merangkumi pemodulatan analog, digit dan kekunci. Konsep asas pemodulatan analog meliputi pemodulatan amplitud dan sudut, analisis isyarat dalam domain masa dan frekuensi, operasi litar penjana dan penerima, dan kesan hingar ke atas sistem pemodulatan. Perbincangan mengenai pemodulatan digit pula mencakupi teknik penukaran isyarat analog kepada digit seperti pemodulatan delta dan pemodulatan kod denyut yang melibatkan proses pensampelan, pengkuantuman dan pengekodan talian. Kaedah pemultipleksan dan pemodulatan kekunci isyarat digit turut disertakan untuk melengkapkan pengetahuan asas kejuruteraan telekomunikasi. Buku ini juga mengandungi contoh dan latihan di akhir setiap bab yang dapat membantu mengukuhkan kefahaman pembaca di samping mampu menjadi bahan rujukan bidang berkaitan

Perakaunan dan pelaporan kewangan Islam bagi Institusi Baitulmal, Zakat dan Wakaf Di Malaysia Fasa 4 (Zon 3)

Di Malaysia, pentadbiran institusi Baitulmal, Zakat dan Wakaf (selepas ini dinyatakan sebagai institusi BZW) dilaksanakan oleh Majlis Agama Islam Negeri (MAIN), selaras dengan peruntukan undang-undang Perlembagaan Malaysia. Secara amnya institusi BZW ditadbir menggunakan dasar sektor awam, namun institusi ini mempunyai perbezaan atau keunikan dalam pentadbirannya berbanding dengan agensi sektor awam yang lain, iaitu institusi ini berlandaskan Islam. Mutakhir ini peranan dan perkembangan institusi BZW dalam membangunkan ekonomi dan harta umat Islam semakin ketara dan meningkat. Aktiviti berkaitan zakat semakin meluas dan pembangunan hartanah baitulmal dan wakaf lebih dinamik. Selaras dengan perkembangan ini, suatu piawaian perakaunan dan pelaporan kewangan khusus bagi institusi BZW yang berlandaskan Islam perlu diwujudkan bagi membantu institusi BZW dalam melaksanakan tanggungjawabnya. Ini bagi membolehkan setiap kegiatan dan perkhidmatan yang dilakukan oleh institusi tersebut dapat dilaporkan dengan telus sepertimana tuntutan Syariah. Amalan perakaunan yang seragam dan mematuhi keperluan Syariah diharapkan dapat membantu semua pemegang taruh mendapat maklumatmaklumat yang diperlukan berkaitan dengan aktiviti institusi BZW. Amalan dan kaedah perakaunan semasa yang sedikit berbeza di antara institusi BZW di negeri yang berbeza memberi kesan kepada ketelusan maklumat dan akauntabiliti institusi berkenaan. Kajian Fasa 1, 2 dan 3 mendapati ketiadaan piawaian khusus bagi perakaunan dan pelaporan BZW sebagai punca ketidakseragaman amalan dan kaedah perakaunan semasa. Sehubungan dengan itu, pembangunan piawaian adalah dituntut bagi memastikan agar perbezaan pelaporan dan perakaunan tidak terlalu ketara. Dalam konteks BZW, harus diingat bahawa memang terdapat perbezaan yang berpunca dari beberapa sebab seperti kelainan transaksi, perbezaan keputusan majlis fatwa negeri dan juga amalan tradisi yang telah diwarisi sejak sekian lama. Perbezaan ini perlu diraikan kerana kemungkinan terdapat kekangan tertentu yang tidak boleh atau agak sukar untuk dilaksanakan secara serta merta. Menyedari perkara ini, terdapat keperluan untuk menyeimbangi antara keperluan penyeragaman dan meraikan perbezaan. Oleh itu, usaha untuk membangunkan garis panduan yang boleh dijadikan rujukan buat institusi BZW menjadi satu keperluan

H2 sensor based on tapered optical fiber coated with MnO2 nanostructures

A novel hydrogen (H2) sensor was developed using optical fiber coated with manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanostructures. Optical multimode fiber (MMF) of 125 μm in diameter as the transducing platform was tapered to 20 μm to enhance the evanescent field of the light propagates in the fiber core. The tapered fiber was coated with MnO2 nanograins synthesised via chemical bath deposition (CBD) process. Catalytic Palladium (Pd) was sputtered onto the MnO2 layer to improve the H2detection. The sensing layer was characterized through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy to verify the properties of MnO2. Two sets of sensors consist of as-prepared MnO2 and 200 °C annealed MnO2 were tested towards H2 gas. The tapered optical fiber coated with Pd/MnO2 nanograins was found to be sensitive towards H2with different concentrations in synthetic air at 240 °C operating temperature. The annealed sensor showed higher response and sensitivity as compared to the as-prepared sensors when measured in the visible to near infra-red optical wavelength range. The absorbance response of the annealed Pd/MnO2 on fiber has increased to 65% as compared to 20% for the as-prepared Pd/MnO2 upon exposure to 1% H2in synthetic air

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

H2 Gas Sensor Based on Pd/ZnO Nanostructures Deposited on Tapered Optical Fiber

A novel H2 sensor using tapered optical fiber coated with Pd/ZnO nanostructures have been developed. The ZnO nanostructures was synthesized and deposited onto tapered optical fiber via chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The ZnO was characterized by FESEM, XRD and EDX to confirm the material properties. It was discovered that the sensor is sensitive towards different concentrations of H2 in synthetic air at 180° C of operating temperature. By varying the deposition time of ZnO coating, different thickness of ZnO layer can be obtained. It was observed that with 280 nm thickness, the maximum absorbance response can be achieved. Further investigation with sensor sample of as-prepared and annealed was carried out to study its sensing performance towards H2. The absorbance response of 280 nm thickness of annealed Pd/ZnO has increased 64% as compared to as-prepared Pd/ZnO upon 1% H2 exposure in the synthetic air when measured in the visible to near infra-red optical wavelength. It can be concluded that the Pd/ZnO optical fiber sensor with thickness around 280 nm provided better sensitivity in sensing H2 at 180°C as compared to other thicknesses investigated. © 2001-2012 IEEE

Cadangan pelaksanaan perakaunan dan pelaporan kewangan Islam bagi Institusi Baitulmal, zakat dan wakaf di Malaysia (Zon 3)

Keunikan ciri-ciri dana baitulmal, zakat dan wakaf (lepas ini dinyatakan sebagai BZW) jelas memerlukan piawaian perakaunan khusus, yang berlandaskan tuntutan Syariah. Ketidakwujudan piawaian perakaunan seragam yang dapat memenuhi tuntutan Syariah untuk diguna pakai untuk tujuan perakaunan BZW ialah punca utama kepada permasalahan ketelusan pelaporan dana yang menjadi kritikan sehingga kini. Kesedaran ini telah membawa kepada keperluan satu kajian penting ke arah pembangunan Piawaian Perakaunan Islam (PPI) bagi BZW di Malaysia. Kajian ini dilaksanakan oleh Jabatan Akauntan Negara Malaysia (JANM) melalui Institut Perakaunan Negara (IPN) bersama tiga buah universiti awam iaitu Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) dan Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (UIAM). Berikut adalah cadangan untuk pembangunan piawaian tersebut

Investigation and characterization of ultrasonic reflection utilising spectrum unfolding for high value pure liquid materials

Edible oil is most often plant-based oils that have been extracted from various seeds. There are cases where the fully virgin edible oil was found to be a fraud. The adulterated edible oil indicates the intentional, fraudulent addition of extraneous, improper or cheaper ingredients puts into the oil or the dilution or removal of some valuable ingredient of the oil in order to increase profits. Hence, decrease the reliability of the Malaysian food product quality. This research was done by using two method – a) a time of flight obtained using the Texas Instrument board, TDC1000-TDC7200 EVM connected to an ultrasonic transducer with 1 MHz frequency and b) a Continuous Ultrasonic Wave (CUW) excitation using a through transmission technique, measuring using National Instruments Virtual Bench VB8012. The authors measured the time of flight and temperatures controlled from 20°C to 40°C of different vegetable oils. The value is observed and compared with other research from the literature review. From the study, time of flight values decreases exponentially while speed of sound value increases. From the study as well it was observed that ultrasonic technique could be utilized to identify different level of adulteration, with water being used as a calibration technique This research outcome is to investigate the quality value of the different type of edible oil while eliminates the issues where the quality of Malaysian food product is not reliable