Impact of Salicide and Source/Drain Implants on Leakage Current and Sheet Resistance in 45nm NMOS Device

In this paper, we investigate the impact of Source/Drain (S/D) implant and salicide on poly sheet resistance (RS) and leakage current (I Leak ) in 45nm NMOS device performance. The experimental studies were conducted under varying four process parameters, namely Halo implant, Source/Drain Implant, Oxide Growth Temperature and Silicide Anneal Temperature. Taguchi Method was used to determine the settings of process parameters. The level of importance of the process parameters on the RS and I Leak were determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The fabrication of the devices was performed by using fabrication simulator of ATHENA. The electrical characterization of the device was implemented by using electrical characterization simulator of ATLAS. These two simulators were combined with Taguchi method to aid in design and optimizing the process parameters. The optimum process parameter combination was obtained by using the analysis of signal-tonoise (S/N) ratio. In this research, the most effective process parameters with respect to poly sheet resistance and leakage current are silicide anneal temperature (88%) and S/D implant (62%) respectively. Whereas the second ranking factor affecting the poly sheet resistance and leakage current are S/D implant (12%) and silicide anneal temperature (20%) respectively. As conclusions, S/D implant and silicide annealtemperature have the strongest effect on the response characteristics. The results show that the R S and I Leak after optimizations approaches are 42.28□□ and 0.1186mA/□m respectivel

Optimal solution in producing 32-nm CMOS technology transistor with desired leakage current

The objective of this paper is to optimize the process parameters of 32-nm CMOS process to get minimum leakage current. Four process parameters were chosen, namely: (i) source-drain implantation, (ii) source-drain compensation implantation, (iii) halo implantation time, and (iv) silicide annealing time. The Taguchi method technique was used to design the experiment. Two noise factors were used that consist of four measurements for each row of experiment in the L9 array, thus leading to a set of experiments consisting of 36 runs. The simulator of ATHENA and ATLAS were used for MOSFET fabrication process and electrical characterization, respectively. The results clearly show that the compensation implantation (46%) has the most dominant impact on the resulting leakage current in NMOS device, whereas source-drain (S/D) implantation was the second ranking factor (35%). The percent effects on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of silicide annealing temperature and halo implantation are much lower being 12% and 7%, respectively. For the PMOS device, halo implantation was defined as an adjustment factor because of its minimal effect on SNR and highest on the means (43%). Halo implantation doping as the optimum solution for fabricating the 32-nm NMOS transistor is 2.38×10¹³atom/cm³. As conclusion, this experiment proves that the Taguchi analysis can be effectively used in finding the optimum solution in producing 32-nm CMOS transistor with acceptable leakage current, well within International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor (ITRS) prediction

A global research priority agenda to advance public health responses to fatty liver disease

Background & aims An estimated 38% of adults worldwide have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). From individual impacts to widespread public health and economic consequences, the implications of this disease are profound. This study aimed to develop an aligned, prioritised fatty liver disease research agenda for the global health community. Methods Nine co-chairs drafted initial research priorities, subsequently reviewed by 40 core authors and debated during a three-day in-person meeting. Following a Delphi methodology, over two rounds, a large panel (R1 n = 344, R2 n = 288) reviewed the priorities, via Qualtrics XM, indicating agreement using a four-point Likert-scale and providing written feedback. The core group revised the draft priorities between rounds. In R2, panellists also ranked the priorities within six domains: epidemiology, models of care, treatment and care, education and awareness, patient and community perspectives, and leadership and public health policy. Results The consensus-built fatty liver disease research agenda encompasses 28 priorities. The mean percentage of ‘agree’ responses increased from 78.3 in R1 to 81.1 in R2. Five priorities received unanimous combined agreement (‘agree’ + ‘somewhat agree’); the remaining 23 priorities had >90% combined agreement. While all but one of the priorities exhibited at least a super-majority of agreement (>66.7% ‘agree’), 13 priorities had 90% combined agreement. Conclusions Adopting this multidisciplinary consensus-built research priorities agenda can deliver a step-change in addressing fatty liver disease, mitigating against its individual and societal harms and proactively altering its natural history through prevention, identification, treatment, and care. This agenda should catalyse the global health community’s efforts to advance and accelerate responses to this widespread and fast-growing public health threat. Impact and implications An estimated 38% of adults and 13% of children and adolescents worldwide have fatty liver disease, making it the most prevalent liver disease in history. Despite substantial scientific progress in the past three decades, the burden continues to grow, with an urgent need to advance understanding of how to prevent, manage, and treat the disease. Through a global consensus process, a multidisciplinary group agreed on 28 research priorities covering a broad range of themes, from disease burden, treatment, and health system responses to awareness and policy. The findings have relevance for clinical and non-clinical researchers as well as funders working on fatty liver disease and non-communicable diseases more broadly, setting out a prioritised, ranked research agenda for turning the tide on this fast-growing public health threat

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

A century of trends in adult human height

Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5-22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3-19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8-144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries

Effects of titration parameters on the synthesis of molybdenum oxides based catalyst

Molybdenum oxides catalysts are extensively used in various selective oxidation reactions. In this work, controlled precipitation method was used to synthesise molybdenum oxides. The effects of various titration parameters on the precipitate growth rate and structure throughout catalyst synthesis were investigated. The titration parameters varied for this study were molybdates (ammonium heptamolybdate) concentration, precipitation agent (HNO3) concentration, precipitating agent rate of addition and temperature of synthesis. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) were used to characterize the catalysts. This study highlights the significant effects of the titration parameters varied on the supersaturation of the solution therefore yielding precipitate with different morphology. It was observed that the temperature played the major role followed by molybdate concentration in the formation of the bulk catalyst. Supramolecular structure (Mo36O112) was observed at lower temperature (30ºC) and lower molybdate concentration (0.07 M, 0.10 M) while at higher temperature (50ºC) and higher molybdate concentration(0.14 M) hexagonal (h-MoO3) phase structure was formed. Fast rate of addition and high concentration of precipitating agent affected the solution equilibrium leading to unclear inflection point (supersaturation point) at the titration curve

Synthesis and optimization of analog VLSI filters from VHDL-AMS parse trees

This contribution presents a new technique for synthesis and optimization of VLSI bandpass filter in Gigahertz frequency range. We present synthesis examples of silicon LC filters and fourth-order RC filters using positive-feedback bootstrapping circuits. The filter characteristics are defined using a high-level behavioral description in VHDL-AMS. The architectural synthesis is done by the identification of synthesizable constructs from a VHDL-AMS parse tree. The netlists produced by the architectural synthesizer is subsequently subjected to parametric optimization, using HSPICE simulations in the optimization loop, for improved performance