Uranus evolution models with simple thermal boundary layers

The strikingly low luminosity of Uranus (Teff ~ Teq) constitutes a long-standing challenge to our understanding of Ice Giant planets. Here we present the first Uranus structure and evolution models that are constructed to agree with both the observed low luminosity and the gravity field data. Our models make use of modern ab initio equations of state at high pressures for the icy components water, methane, and ammonia. Proceeding step by step, we confirm that adiabatic models yield cooling times that are too long, even when uncertainties in the ice:rock ratio (I:R) are taken into account. We then argue that the transition between the ice/rock-rich interior and the H/He-rich outer envelope should be stably stratified. Therefore, we introduce a simple thermal boundary and adjust it to reproduce the low luminosity. Due to this thermal boundary, the deep interior of the Uranus models are up to 2--3 warmer than adiabatic models, necessitating the presence of rocks in the deep interior with a possible I:R of $1\times$ solar. Finally, we allow for an equilibrium evolution (Teff ~ Teq) that begun prior to the present day, which would therefore no longer require the current era to be a "special time" in Uranus' evolution. In this scenario, the thermal boundary leads to more rapid cooling of the outer envelope. When Teff ~ Teq is reached, a shallow, subadiabatic zone in the atmosphere begins to develop. Its depth is adjusted to meet the luminosity constraint. This work provides a simple foundation for future Ice Giant structure and evolution models, that can be improved by properly treating the heat and particle fluxes in the diffusive zones.Comment: 13 pages, Accepted to Icaru

Spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria transmission in rural western Kenya

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Understanding the impact of reducing Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission requires estimates of the relationship between health outcomes and exposure to infectious mosquitoes. However, measures of exposure such as mosquito density and entomological inoculation rate (EIR) are generally aggregated over large areas and time periods, biasing the outcome-exposure relationship. There are few studies examining the extent and drivers of local variation in malaria exposure in endemic areas. METHODS: We describe the spatio-temporal dynamics of malaria transmission intensity measured by mosquito density and EIR in the KEMRI/CDC health and demographic surveillance system using entomological data collected during 2002-2004. Geostatistical zero inflated binomial and negative binomial models were applied to obtain location specific (house) estimates of sporozoite rates and mosquito densities respectively. Model-based predictions were multiplied to estimate the spatial pattern of annual entomological inoculation rate, a measure of the number of infective bites a person receive per unit of time. The models included environmental and climatic predictors extracted from satellite data, harmonic seasonal trends and parameters describing space-time correlation. RESULTS: Anopheles gambiae s.l was the main vector species accounting for 86% (n=2309) of the total collected mosquitoes with the remainder being Anopheles funestus. Sixty eight percent (757/1110) of the surveyed houses had no mosquitoes. Distance to water bodies, vegetation and day temperature were significantly associated with mosquito density. Overall annual point estimates of EIR were 6.7, 9.3 and 9.6 infectious bites per annum for 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. Monthly mosquito density and EIR varied over the study period peaking in May during the wet season. The predicted and observed densities and EIR showed a strong seasonal and spatial pattern over the study area. CONCLUSIONS: Spatio-temporal maps of malaria transmission intensity obtained in this study are not only useful in understanding variability in malaria epidemiology over small areas but also provides a high resolution exposure surface that can be used to analyse the impact of malaria exposure on mortalit

Scalar Representation and Conjugation of Set-Valued Functions

To a function with values in the power set of a pre-ordered, separated locally convex space a family of scalarizations is given which completely characterizes the original function. A concept of a Legendre-Fenchel conjugate for set-valued functions is introduced and identified with the conjugates of the scalarizations. Using this conjugate, weak and strong duality results are proven.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1012.435

Symmetry of Traveling Wave Solutions to the Allen-Cahn Equation in \Er^2

In this paper, we prove even symmetry of monotone traveling wave solutions to the balanced Allen-Cahn equation in the entire plane. Related results for the unbalanced Allen-Cahn equation are also discussed

Association of chickpea root with soil fungi: a comparison of cultivars

Non-Peer ReviewedField crops influence soil microbiota, impacting the health status and productivity of cropping systems. We conducted a two year field experiment using thirteen genotypes of chickpea and applied deep amplicon pyrosequencing to verify whether plant genetics control the fungal community of the root endosphere. We obtained 63796 sequences of ITS1F/ITS2 and 52129 of 18S rDNA gene clustered into 127 non-mycorrhizal and 89 mycorrhizal operational taxonomic units (OTUs), respectively. Plant genotype and year (soil and weather) had significant effects on the fungal community of chickpea root endosphere. The desi genotypes had higher levels of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungal richness and diversity than kabuli genotypes. This study reveals a "genotype effect" of chickpea on the soil microbiota and indicates the possibility to improve the performance of this crop through the selection of genotypes with improved root fungal communities

The effects of dark septate endophytic fungi on chickpea drought tolerance

Non-Peer ReviewedDark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi represent a diverse group of root-colonizing fungal species that are common in environments with strong abiotic stress, such as semiarid prairie regions where their abundance in roots can exceed mycorrhizal fungi. Some DSE fungal species have the ability to benefit host plant growth under water stress conditions. Here we tested the effects of 49 DSE species on chickpea biomass growing under water limiting condition. Three DSE fungal species including Hypocrea lixii, Geomyces vinaceus and Mortierella alpina significantly increased the biomass of chickpea. However the majority of the DSE species did not significantly affect plant biomass and some species decreased that

Hubungan Personal Hygiene Dengan Kecacingan Pada Murid Sekolah Dasar Di Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara

: Dewormy is a chronic endemic disease caused one or more worms that enter into the human body, with the highest prevalence found in children. Dewormy can be affected by several factors, namely environmental factors, personal hygiene (cleanliness), social economy, and the level of knowledge of the parents. Personal Hygiene is an act to maintain the cleanliness of one\u27s health and well-being, both physical and psychic. The research was carried out with methods, selection of cross-sectional samples performed 3 stages, namely with proportional stratified sampling, purposive sampling and simple random sampling. A sample of 110 respondents.Analyzed data with chi-square statistical test of the significance level (α) of 0.05.. The results showed that out of 110 study subjects, known to students with good personal hygiene status as many as 82 people (74.5%) and less well as many as 28 people (25.5%). Laboratory results for the category of positive Dewormy amounted to 20% (22 people) and the negative category Dewormy is equal to 80% (88 people). 22 students who positively Dewormy, known around 16 people (72,7,1%) with poor personal hygiene, and about 6 people (27.3%) with good personal hygiene.The conclusion of this research that there is a meaningful relationship between personal hygiene with Dewormy on primary school student with p value = 0.001

Toxicité aiguë comparée du phénol et d'une série de chlorophénols sur des organismes aquatiques et terrestres

Les chlorophénols sont des composés chimiques couramment utilisés dans de nombreuses applications industrielles et donc retrouvés dans l'environnement.L'objectif de ce travail est d'abord de comparer la toxicité aiguë du phénol et de cinq dérivés chlorés vis à vis de trois organismes : un protozoaire d'eau douce Colpidium campylum, un végétal terrestre Vicia lens et un mammifère, la souris. Afin d'avoir une comparaison plus large, nos résultats expérimentaux ont été confrontés avec des données relevées dans la littérature sur neuf autres espèces de l'environnement.À l'exception des mammifères pour lesquels le 2,4 dichlorophénol et le 2,4,6 trichlorophénol sont les moins dangereux, il apparaît que la toxicité est étroitement liée avec le degré de substitution en chlore du noyau phénolique. Plus le nombre d'atomes de chlore est élevé, plus la toxicité est importante.Cette étude montre d'autre part que dix organismes, parmi les douze étudiés, répondent de façon semblable vis à vis des chlorophénols. Seuls le rat et la souris présentent une sensibilité différente. Cependant, le pentachlorophénol s'avère être le composé le plus dangereux dans tous les cas.Chlorophenols are chemical compounds frequently used for many industrial applications and are subsequently often found in the environment. The aim of this study was firstly to compare the acute toxicities of phenol and five chlorinated compounds towards three organisms : a freshwater protozoan, Colpidium campylum ; a terrestrial plant species, Vicia lens ; and a mammalian mouse. Our experimental results have been compared with literature data for nine other environmental species.With the exception of mammals, for which 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol are less dangerous, it appears that toxicity is strictly related to the chlorine substitution level of the phenolic nucleus: the higher the number of chlorine atoms, the more toxic effect is the compound. On the other hand, this study shows that ten species, from the twelve observed, have a similar toxicological response to chlorophenols; only the rat and the mouse have a different sensitivity. However, pentachlorophenol is always the most dangerous compound

Hubungan Antara Faktor Personil Perencanaan Pulang Dengan Kelengkapan Resume Medis Pasien Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Maba Kabupaten Halmahera Timur

. Medical summary can be a subject of study for quality control of medical records. Nursing activities are not optimal at this time is the patient's discharge planning activities. One of the factors that determine the success of the planning process was a factor of personnel discharge planning. The aim of research was to determine the relationship between the factors of personnel discharge planning with the completeness of patient's medical summary at the General Hospital of East Halmahera Regency Maba. Methods of analytic observational study using cross sectional design. This research was conducted at the General Hospital Maba of East Halmahera on February 29 to March 5, 2016. The samples were nurses and entry summary documentation with the quantities of each 34. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. Research instruments using questionnaires and observation guides. Data analysis was performed using chi-square test, at the significance level of 95% (α ≤ 0.05) indicates the value ρ = 0.012, this value is smaller than α = 0.05 and OR = 19,2. Conclusion: there is a relationship between the factors of discharge planning personnel with the completeness of patient's medical summary at the General Hospital Maba of East Halmahera Regency. Suggestions for nurses can improve performance especially in completeness of patient's medical summary to establish good communication between health professionals and patients and their families, although the number of nurses is still relatively small