607 research outputs found
Is it time for integration of surgical skills simulation into the United Kingdom undergraduate medical curriculum? A perspective from Kingâs College London School of Medicine
PURPOSE: Changes in undergraduate medical curricula, combined with reforms in postgraduate education, have training implications for surgical skills acquisition in a climate of reduced clinical exposure. Confidence and prior experience influences the educational impact of learning. Currently there is no basic surgical skills (BSS) programme integrated into undergraduate curricula in the United Kingdom. We explored the role of a dedicated BSS programme for undergraduates in improving confidence and influencing careers in King's College London School of Medicine, and the programme was evaluated. METHODS: A programme was designed in-line with the established Royal College of Surgeons course. Undergraduates were taught four key skills over four weeks: knot-tying, basic-suturing, tying-at-depth and chest-drain insertion, using low-fidelity bench-top models. A Likert-style questionnaire was designed to determine educational value and influence on career choice. Qualitative data was collected. RESULTS: Only 29% and 42% of students had undertaken previous practice in knot-tying and basic suturing, respectively. 96% agreed that skills exposure prior to starting surgical rotations was essential and felt a dedicated course would augment undergraduate training. There was a significant increase in confidence in the practice and knowledge of all skills taught (p<0.01), with a greater motivation to be actively involved in the surgical firm and theatres. CONCLUSION: A simple, structured BSS programme can increase the confidence and motivation of students. Early surgical skills targeting is valuable for students entering surgical, related allied, and even traditionally non-surgical specialties such as general practice. Such experience can increase the confidence of future junior doctors and trainees. We advocate the introduction of a BSS programme into United Kingdom undergraduate curricula
First examples of neutral rhenium(V) complexes with a novel semi-rigid ligand containing a P,N,N,S donor atom set: Synthesis, characterisation and crystal structure
A new PN2S ligand, N-[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-2-[(S-trityl)acetylamino]ethanamide [Ph-P(Ph2)N2S(Trt)], was synthesised and reacted with ReV precursors. The reaction of both tritylated and detritylated ligands with ReOCl3(PPh3)2 gave the same expected neutral complex [ReO{Ph-P(Ph2)N2S}] (4) in good yield. An unexpected neutral and diamagnetic species, [ReN{Ph-P(Ph2)N2S(Trt)}] (5), has been isolated during the complexation of the tritylated ligand with ReNCl2(PPh3)2. The complexes, characterized by classical spectroscopic methods and X-ray analysis for 4, are the first examples of neutral semi-rigid-PN2S rhenium(V) complexes
Intercultural Mediation and Accessibility in Heritage
This article aims to propose a strategy taking in consideration the accessibility of each European citizen to information in all its forms especially audio-visual Media and Heritage. It is known that interlingual mediators are playing a huge part in the world of Information and Communication with the involving difficulties of common core theory and training. Moreover, technology can be the ideal tool to enhance accessibility. Thus, mobile phone applications can offer sometimes both audio and visual content to Museum visitors as well as sign language and text. This part of our work clarifies the needs and the values of an adapted methodology for training.In addition, this project gives to inter-cultural mediators the opportunity to work and to research on different applications and software programs in screen-titling, dubbing, re-speaking and screen-titling for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, audio description and to obtain a training at professional agencies as well as to present a final assistance of quality
Ătude statistique et comparative de modĂšles conceptuels hydrologiques pour des bassins versants de la province du QuĂ©bec, Canada
La description des processus de transformation des prĂ©cipitations (pluie et neige) en dĂ©bit dans un bassin versant passe par le choix dâun modĂšle hydrologique adĂ©quat. Les modĂšles hydrologiques conceptuels servent Ă prĂ©dire les dĂ©bits dans les riviĂšres Ă lâaide de plusieurs paramĂštres, qui nâont pas toujours une signification physique. Les dĂ©bits doivent ĂȘtre dĂ©terminĂ©s par calibration. Le choix dâune tel modĂšle repose sur son efficacitĂ©, câest-Ă -dire sa capacitĂ© Ă fournir des jeux de paramĂštres permettant au modĂšle de donner des simulations satisfaisantes. (Perrin, 2002). La validation est lâĂ©tape qui suit la calibration oĂč on s'assure que le modĂšle peut faire des prĂ©dictions exactes et reproductibles en dehors de la pĂ©riode sur laquelle il a Ă©tĂ© calibrĂ© (Vogel, 2003). La mĂ©thode la plus courante pour valider un modĂšle hydrologique sur un bassin versant est dâajuster les donnĂ©es simulĂ©es avec les mesures de terrain. La structure de modĂšle et leurs paramĂštres associĂ©s ne sont pas uniques. Il peut exister plusieurs reprĂ©sentations mathĂ©matiques, ce qui risque dâinfluencer la prĂ©cision des rĂ©sultats fournis par le modĂšle. Dans la plupart des applications de modĂšles hydrologiques, les rĂ©ponses simulĂ©es du bassin versant, autres que le dĂ©bit, restent internes (des variables dâĂ©tat) au modĂšle. Ceci peut rendre discutable la validitĂ© de la description du modĂšle au processus interne du bassin versant. Il existe plusieurs mĂ©thodes pour valider un modĂšle hydrologique (Seibert, 1997) mais il n'existe pas encore de mĂ©thode ou de critĂšre quantitatif dĂ©finitif pour rejeter un modĂšle de bassin versant (Vogel & Sankarasubramanian, 2003). La mĂ©thode de covariance-variance proposĂ©e par Vogel offre une mĂ©thodologie quantitative pour accepter ou rejeter un modĂšle de bassin versant. Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude est de sâassurer de la capacitĂ© du modĂšle Ă dĂ©crire les Ă©changes dans un bassin versant. La mĂ©thode de covariance-variance est basĂ©e sur lâaptitude du modĂšle Ă reprĂ©senter la covariance des donnĂ©es mĂ©trologiques avec les donnĂ©es de sortie (dĂ©bit) sans passer par lâĂ©tape de calibration. La calibration du modĂšle gĂ©nĂšre une erreur inĂ©vitable (Vogel & Sankarasubramanian, 2003). Afin de vĂ©rifier la pertinence de la mĂ©thode de la covariance et sa fiabilitĂ©, nous lâavons appliquĂ©e sur 125 bassins hydrographiques quĂ©bĂ©cois jaugĂ©s par le dĂ©partement de lâexpertise hydraulique du QuĂ©bec (DEHQ), en nous servant des modĂšles hydrologiques GR4J (Perrin, Michel, & AndrĂ©assian, Improvement of a parsimonious model for streamflow simulation, 2003) Ă quatre paramĂštres, qui est couplĂ© avec le module de neige CemaNeige (Valery, 2010), HBV (Lindstrom, Johansson, Persson, Gardelin, & Bergstrom, 1997) Ă dix paramĂštres, MOHYSE (Fortin & Turcotte, 2007) Ă dix paramĂštres et HMETS (Martel, Demeester, & Brissette, HMETS- A simple and efficient model for flow forecasting, climate studies and teaching hydrological modelling, 2014) Ă vingt et un paramĂštres. Pour chaque bassin, une pĂ©riode de 16 ans situĂ©e entre 1980 et 2015 a Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©e. La dĂ©marche consiste Ă effectuer un grand nombre de simulations (Monte Carlo) et sâappuie sur les donnĂ©es observĂ©es disponibles (dĂ©bits, prĂ©cipitations, tempĂ©ratureâŠ) afin dâexplorer exhaustivement lâespace des valeurs acceptables de dĂ©bits obtenues par les quatre modĂšles. Le but est de rĂ©ussir Ă tirer lâinformation des donnĂ©es disponibles pour un bassin et dâen dĂ©duire la structure du modĂšle la plus adaptĂ©e. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent que les modĂšle GR4J et HMETS ont pu Ă©tablir une relation entre un ensemble de donnĂ©es simulĂ©es obtenues par la mĂ©thode de Monte-Carlo et lâobservation pour tous les bassins, alors que les modĂšles hydrologiques MOHYSE et HBV nâont pas pu Ă©tablir cette relation pour la majoritĂ© des bassins versants Ă©tudiĂ©s. Ces deux derniers modĂšles ont reprĂ©sentĂ© les bassins versants moins bien que les autres modĂšles
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The Effects of Anthropogenic Stress on Nitrogen-Cycling Microbial Communities in Temperate and Tropical Soils
In this dissertation several research studies are discussed that characterize the effects of anthropogenic, or human-induced, stress on both ammonia-oxidizing and total bacterial soil microbial communities. The disturbances of land-use change in tropical, South American rainforests and artificial warming and nitrogen (N) fertilization in temperate, North American forests were investigated as these disturbances represent past and current disturbances caused by human landscape alteration and climate change. Initially, the response of soil ammonia-oxidizing microbial communities to land-use change from primary rainforest to pasture and, finally, back to secondary forest was determined. Next, these analyses of land-use change effects were expanded to the total bacterial community in these rainforest soils sampled annually for three years. Lastly, the effects of increasing soil temperature and N-deposition on ammonia-oxidizing microbial communities in temperate forests were characterized.
Land-use change affected ammonia-oxidizing communities in tropical soils. Both the abundance of ammonia-oxidizer marker genes and their community structure shifted due to land-use changes. Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses showed that community structural changes in ammonia-oxidizing thaumarchaea are driven by a shift away from primary rainforest, old pasture, and secondary forest clusters to separate clusters for young pasture. Additionally, there was a nearly complete disappearance in young pasture, old pasture, and secondary forest sites of a thaumarchaeal ammonia-oxidizing genus, the Nitrosotalea.
We found that many of the bacterial community responses to land-use change stayed consistent between land-use types across all three years, especially in regards to OTU richness and Faith\u27s phylogenetic diversity. Bacterial community turnover, or distance-decay, was significantly greater (P \u3c 0.05) in forests compared to pastures for two out of three years sampled. Lastly, two bacterial species, Rhodomicrobium udaipurense and Anaeromyxobacter dehalogens, were found to be exclusive indicator species for the pasture land-use type across all sampling time points.
Finally, when investigating the effects of increasing soil temperatures and N-deposition rates on temperate forest soil N-cycling, potential N-mineralization and nitrification rates and chitinase enzyme activity showed no difference between treatments (P \u3e 0.05). Bacterial, fungal, and archaeal rRNA genes and thaumarchaeal amoA genes showed no significant difference between treatments. There were significant differences in ammonia-oxidizer community structure between control and heated plus nitrogen treatments. The majority of archaeal ammonia-oxidizer species were most closely related to Nitrosotalea and Nitrososphaera spp. However, the organic horizon in the heated plus nitrogen treatment was dominated by sequences most closely related to Nitrosopumilus maritimus.
Taken together, these results can provide a conceptual foundation as to how anthropogenic stressors can alter microbial communities in tropical and temperate forests soils. These communities are critical to global biogeochemical cycling and climate regulation. By charactering how these communities respond to various anthropogenic stressors, the scientific community can begin to use this information to develop more holistic biogeochemical models to predict shifts in nutrient flow and greenhouse gas production
Unga vuxnas mobiltelefonanvÀndning ur ett aktivitetsperspektiv
Bakgrund: Mobiltelefonens ökade anvÀndning bland unga vuxna i samhÀllet har visat pÄ fysiska belastningsskador, stress och distraktion. Syfte: Att genom en litteraturstudie lyfta fram vilken betydelse mobiltelefonanvÀndningen har för unga vuxna ur olika aktivitetsperspektiv. Metod: Studien har gjorts i form av en allmÀn litteraturöversikt. Med hjÀlp av bestÀmda sökord genomfördes litteratursökning i fem olika databaser, vilket resulterade i 12 artiklar. Data analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehÄllsanalys. Resultat: Trots att mobiltelefonen bidrar till en större sÀkerhet och trygghetskÀnsla visar resultatet pÄ övervÀgande negativa effekter pÄ mÀnniskors hÀlsa i form av belastningsskador, bristande koncentration- och uppmÀrksmhetsförmÄgor i trafiken samt psykiska pÄfrestningar. Konklusion: Eftersom studien visar att mobiltelefonanvÀndning utgör en hÀlsorisk för unga vuxna, behövs det ytterligare forskning inom detta omrÄde för att öka förstÄelse för hur mobilanvÀndning pÄverkar unga vuxna ur ett aktivitetsperspektiv
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