On the dynamics of vortex modes within magnetic islands

Recent work investigating the interaction of magnetic islands with micro-turbulence has uncovered the striking observation of large scale vortex modes forming within the island structure [W.A. Hornsby {\it et al.}, Phys. Plasmas {\bf 17} 092301 (2010)]. These electrostatic vortices are found to be the size of the island and are oscillatory. It is this oscillatory behaviour and the presence of turbulence that leads us to believe that the dynamics are related to the Geodesic Acoustic Mode (GAM), and it is this link that is investigated in this paper. Here we derive an equation for the GAM in the MHD limit, in the presence of a magnetic island modified three-dimensional axisymmetric geometry. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are calculated numerically and then utilised to analyse the dynamics of oscillatory large-scale electrostatic potential structures seen in both linear and non-linear gyro-kinetic simulations

Vertex Operators in 4D Quantum Gravity Formulated as CFT

We study vertex operators in 4D conformal field theory derived from quantized gravity, whose dynamics is governed by the Wess-Zumino action by Riegert and the Weyl action. Conformal symmetry is equal to diffeomorphism symmetry in the ultraviolet limit, which mixes positive-metric and negative-metric modes of the gravitational field and thus these modes cannot be treated separately in physical operators. In this paper, we construct gravitational vertex operators such as the Ricci scalar, defined as space-time volume integrals of them are invariant under conformal transformations. Short distance singularities of these operator products are computed and it is shown that their coefficients have physically correct sign. Furthermore, we show that conformal algebra holds even in the system perturbed by the cosmological constant vertex operator as in the case of the Liouville theory shown by Curtright and Thorn.Comment: 26 pages, rewrote review part concisely, added explanation

Measurement of Effective Stress Intensity Factor Range of Mode II Fatigue Crack Propagation

AbstractMany rolling contact fatigue failures, such as those that occur in railway rails, rolling bearings and gears, is due to the high repeated shear load. In order to prevent such fatigue a failure, the resistance of the material against such a load must be determined. The fatigue crack growth rate is dependent on the stress intensity factor range of the Mode II ΔKII. However, the Mode II crack propagation characteristic varies according to different experiment methods. Therefore, in this study, we measured the effective stress intensity factor range of the Mode II ΔKIIeff. As it is difficult to carry out the Mode II fatigue crack propagation in the laboratory, this test was carried out using a bending load in this study. This bending load was applied to the tips of a double cantilever specimen and the Mode II fatigue crack propagation could be carried out between the two cantilevers. Furthermore, in order to measure the ΔKIIeff, several strain gauges were applied to the specimen around the crack tip. Using this technique, some ΔKIIeff value during the Mode II fatigue crack propagation tests will be reported

Recursion Relations in Liouville Gravity coupled to Ising Model satisfying Fusion Rules

The recursion relations of 2D quantum gravity coupled to the Ising model discussed by the author previously are reexamined. We study the case in which the matter sector satisfies the fusion rules and only the primary operators inside the Kac table contribute. The theory involves unregularized divergences in some of correlators. We obtain the recursion relations which form a closed set among well-defined correlators on sphere, but they do not have a beautiful structure that the bosonized theory has and also give an inconsistent result when they include an ill-defined correlator with the divergence. We solve them and compute the several normalization independent ratios of the well-defined correlators, which agree with the matrix model results.Comment: Latex, 22 page

Teleportation and entanglement distillation in the presence of correlation among bipartite mixed states

The teleportation channel associated with an arbitrary bipartite state denotes the map that represents the change suffered by a teleported state when the bipartite state is used instead of the ideal maximally entangled state for teleportation. This work presents and proves an explicit expression of the teleportation channel for the teleportation using Weyl's projective unitary representation of the space of 2n-tuples of numbers from Z/dZ for integers d>1, n>0, which has been known for n=1. This formula allows any correlation among the n bipartite mixed states, and an application shows the existence of reliable schemes for distillation of entanglement from a sequence of mixed states with correlation.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur

Making a Universe

For understanding the origin of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background, rules to construct a quantized universe is proposed based on the dynamical triangulation method of the simplicial quantum gravity. A $d$-dimensional universe having the topology $D^d$ is created numerically in terms of a simplicial manifold with $d$-simplices as the building blocks. The space coordinates of a universe are identified on the boundary surface $S^{d-1}$, and the time coordinate is defined along the direction perpendicular to $S^{d-1}$. Numerical simulations are made mainly for 2-dimensional universes, and analyzed to examine appropriateness of the construction rules by comparing to analytic results of the matrix model and the Liouville theory. Furthermore, a simulation in 4-dimension is made, and the result suggests an ability to analyze the observations on anisotropies by comparing to the scalar curvature correlation of a $S^2$-surface formed as the last scattering surface in the $S^3$ universe.Comment: 27pages,18figures,using jpsj.st

RNA secondary structure prediction from multi-aligned sequences

It has been well accepted that the RNA secondary structures of most functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are closely related to their functions and are conserved during evolution. Hence, prediction of conserved secondary structures from evolutionarily related sequences is one important task in RNA bioinformatics; the methods are useful not only to further functional analyses of ncRNAs but also to improve the accuracy of secondary structure predictions and to find novel functional RNAs from the genome. In this review, I focus on common secondary structure prediction from a given aligned RNA sequence, in which one secondary structure whose length is equal to that of the input alignment is predicted. I systematically review and classify existing tools and algorithms for the problem, by utilizing the information employed in the tools and by adopting a unified viewpoint based on maximum expected gain (MEG) estimators. I believe that this classification will allow a deeper understanding of each tool and provide users with useful information for selecting tools for common secondary structure predictions.Comment: A preprint of an invited review manuscript that will be published in a chapter of the book `Methods in Molecular Biology'. Note that this version of the manuscript may differ from the published versio

Surface Electromagnetic Waves at a Single Interface of Superconductor and Left-Handed Materials

The wave propagation characteristics along the single interface of superconductor and left-handed materials are investigated theoretically. An expression for the complex permittivity of a superconductor is derived in the approximation of two-component plasma containing "normal" and "superconducting" electrons. Basic relations are obtained in the general case at temperatures T ≤ Tc where c T is the critical temperature. The frequency, the structure, and the temperature dependences of surface electromagnetic waves propagating along a single interface of a superconductor-left-handed material interface are computed, analyzed and discussed

Potential of Phosphorus Pollution in the Soil of the Northern Gaza Strip, Palestine

The damage and negative consequences of the Israeli Cast Lead on Gaza in the period between December 2008 - January 2009 is not only limited to the number of martyrs and wounded people, the destruction of houses and the infrastructure, but it also reached the environment. This paper investigates the occurrence of phosphorus (P) in the soil of the northern gover-norate of the Gaza Strip which has been shaped as a result of the heavily bombing of white phosphorus on Gaza during the war. We have measured soil Phosphorus concentrations in three different areas; agricultural, non-agricultural and urban areas. The obtained Olsen P values in most of the soil samples were ranked very high. The maximum value of phosphorous determined in agricultural areas was about 110.9 mg/ kg, in the non-agricultural areas adjacent to boarders 63.3 mg/ kg, and in urban areas 85.2 mg/ kg. The results show that the potential of phosphorus in the northern of the Gaza Strip is becoming higher than the allowed Olsen P values