"Plötzlich und für uns alle unfassbar...": der vorzeitige Tod zwischen privater und öffentlicher Erinnerung seit dem Zeitalter der Aufklärung

'Im 20. Jahrhundert haben Säkularisierung und Individualisierung die Inszenierung des Todes und die Repräsentationsformen der Trauer grundlegend verändert. Sterben und Tod wurden zunehmend tabuisiert und in die private Sphäre zurück gedrängt. Der Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel von ausgewählten Erinnerungsorten (Friedhöfe, Straßenkreuze) und Medien des Totengedenkens (Totenzettel, Todesanzeigen, Gedenkseiten im Internet) Wandel der transzendentalen und gesellschaftspolitischen Sinnzuschreibungen hinsichtlich eines vorzeitigen oder als vorzeitig empfundenen Todes. Inszenierung und Repräsentation des vorzeitigen Todes wirken dabei prägend auf die Ausbildung neuer öffentlicher Formen des Gedenkens.' (Autorenreferat)'Secularization and individualization during the 20th century both significantly changed the ways and forms how death and mourning were 'staged' or rather represented. Dying and Death became more and more tabooed and hence repressed to the private sphere only. This paper will analyze the change of the attempts to give religious or political meaning to premature death focusing on three selected subject areas: places of remembrance, obituaries and virtual commemoration on the internet. Premature death in its representations and stagings is highly productive in coining new forms of public commemoration.' (author's abstract

Why so few Nobel Prizes for cancer researchers?:An analysis of Nobel Prize nominations for German physicians with a focus on Ernst von Leyden and Karl Heinrich Bauer

Purpose!#!To date, 11 scientists have received the Nobel Prize for discoveries directly related to cancer research. This article provides an overview of cancer researchers nominated for the Nobel Prize from 1901 to 1960 with a focus on Ernst von Leyden (1832-1910), the founder of this journal, and Karl Heinrich Bauer (1890-1978).!##!Methods!#!We collected nominations and evaluations in the archive of the Nobel committee of physiology or medicine in Sweden to identify research trends and to analyse oncology in a Nobel Prize context.!##!Results!#!We found a total of 54 nominations citing work on cancer as motivation for 11 candidates based in Germany from 1901 to 1953. In the 1930s, the US became the leading nation of cancer research in a Nobel context with nominees like Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) and George N. Papanicolaou (1883-1962).!##!Discussion!#!The will of Alfred Nobel stipulates that Nobel laureates should have 'conferred the greatest benefit to mankind'. Why were then so few cancer researchers recognized with the Nobel medal from 1901 to 1960? Our analysis of the Nobel dossiers points at multiple reasons: (1) Many of the proposed cancer researchers were surgeons, and surgery has a weak track record in a Nobel context; (2) several scholars were put forward for clinical work and not for basic research (historically, the Nobel committee has favoured basic researchers); (3) the scientists were usually not nominated for a single discovery, but rather for a wide range of different achievements

Der vorzeitige Tod als Identitäts- und Sinnstiftungsmuster in historischer Perspektive: einige einführende Überlegungen

"The preliminary reflections deal with premature death as an instrument explaining and analysing the historical change of societies. Treatises and discourse on premature death can be found on different levels: social, economic, religious and scientific. Following the structure of this anthology, the introductory reflections contain four parts. First they focus on how the lifespan of different population groups is established and evaluated in a societal context. The way the families and the nursing staff of patients in critical condition as well as these patients themselves deal with untimely death is investigated in a second step. The topic of conducting and the representation of premature death and dying is observed in this context. In conclusion the introductory reflections investigate the actual experience of mass mortality, mourning and its commemoration after the war." (author's abstract

Esteem in the sciences made visible: How bibliometry receives new impulse from social network analysis

The article intends to show how a way of combining methods of social network analysis with methods of classical bibliometry meaningfully may be applied within historical studies. Going beyond bibliometry the argument is supported that a set of driving forces which build relationships among scientific actors via scientific activities might be subsumed in the pluri-dimensional term ‘esteem’ (Anerkennung) which should be distinguished from pure reputation. The method of a historical reconstruction of scientific networks seems to be especially useful for representing esteem within the sciences and implementing it as a sort of “currency system“ or social capital in the sense of Pierre Bourdieu. The concept of network serves as an abstract model in this context. The history of eugenics is uses as an example for data collection, data processing, data visualization and data interpretation. Three textbooks (including translations) are selected for analysis, the German Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz, Grundriß der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene (1st ed. 1921); the US-American Charles Davenport, Heredity in Relation to Eugenics; and the Swedish Gunnar Dahlberg, Arv och Ras. The proposed approach shows not only differentiated picture of the structure of the reception of these works but also the shift of interest from a variety of fields of medical research to the history of sciences.The article intends to show how a way of combining methods of social network analysis with methods of classical bibliometry meaningfully may be applied within historical studies. Going beyond bibliometry the argument is supported that a set of driving forces which build relationships among scientific actors via scientific activities might be subsumed in the pluri-dimensional term ‘esteem’ (Anerkennung) which should be distinguished from pure reputation. The method of a historical reconstruction of scientific networks seems to be especially useful for representing esteem within the sciences and implementing it as a sort of “currency system“ or social capital in the sense of Pierre Bourdieu. The concept of network serves as an abstract model in this context. The history of eugenics is uses as an example for data collection, data processing, data visualization and data interpretation. Three textbooks (including translations) are selected for analysis, the German Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz, Grundriß der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene (1st ed. 1921); the US-American Charles Davenport, Heredity in Relation to Eugenics; and the Swedish Gunnar Dahlberg, Arv och Ras. The proposed approach shows not only differentiated picture of the structure of the reception of these works but also the shift of interest from a variety of fields of medical research to the history of sciences

Background document on kelp forests habitat. OSPAR 788/2021

This Background Document on Kelp Forest habitat has been developed by OSPAR following the inclusion of this habitat on the OSPAR List of threatened and/or declining species and habitats (OSPAR Agreement 2008-6). The inclusion of the feature on the list was supported by an analysis against the Texel-Faial criteria (OSPAR Agreement 2019-03), as presented in the case report (publication 358/2008). This Background Document provides proposals for action and includes measures that could be taken to improve the conservation status of the habitat. In agreeing to the publication of this document the OSPAR Contracting Parties have indicated the need to further review these proposals. However, the publication of this background document does not imply any formal endorsement of these proposals by the OSPAR Commission. On the basis of the further review of these proposals, OSPAR will continue its work to ensure the protection of Kelp Forest habitat, where necessary in cooperation with other competent organisations. This background document may be updated to reflect further developments or additional information that become available on the status of the habitat.Le présent document de référence sur les forêts de laminaires a été élaboré par OSPAR après l’inclusion de cet l'habitat dans la Liste OSPAR des espèces et habitats méenacés et/ou en déclin (Accord OSPAR 2008-6). L’inclusion de l'habitat à été soutenue par une analyse par rapport aux critères Texel-Faial (Accord OSPAR 2019-03), qui se trouve dans le rapport de cas (publication 358/2008). Le présent document fournit des proposition d’actions et des mesures qui pourraient être prises dans le but d’améliorer l’état de conservation de l’espèce habitat. En se mettant d’accord sur la publication de ce document, les Parties Contractantes OSPAR ont indiqué la nécessité d'approfondir ces propositions. Cependant, L la publication de ce document ne signifie pasque la Commission OSPAR adopte formellement ces propositions. Sur la base de l'approfondissement de ces propositions, OSPAR poursuivra ses travaux dans le but d’assurer la protection des forêts de laminaires, le cas échéant avec la coopération d’autres organisations compétentes. Ce document de référence pourra être mis à jour pour tenir compte de nouvelles avancées ou informations qui deviendront disponibles concernant le statut de habitat

Background document on kelp forests habitat. OSPAR 788/2021

This Background Document on Kelp Forest habitat has been developed by OSPAR following the inclusion of this habitat on the OSPAR List of threatened and/or declining species and habitats (OSPAR Agreement 2008-6). The inclusion of the feature on the list was supported by an analysis against the Texel-Faial criteria (OSPAR Agreement 2019-03), as presented in the case report (publication 358/2008). This Background Document provides proposals for action and includes measures that could be taken to improve the conservation status of the habitat. In agreeing to the publication of this document the OSPAR Contracting Parties have indicated the need to further review these proposals. However, the publication of this background document does not imply any formal endorsement of these proposals by the OSPAR Commission. On the basis of the further review of these proposals, OSPAR will continue its work to ensure the protection of Kelp Forest habitat, where necessary in cooperation with other competent organisations. This background document may be updated to reflect further developments or additional information that become available on the status of the habitat.Le présent document de référence sur les forêts de laminaires a été élaboré par OSPAR après l’inclusion de cet l'habitat dans la Liste OSPAR des espèces et habitats méenacés et/ou en déclin (Accord OSPAR 2008-6). L’inclusion de l'habitat à été soutenue par une analyse par rapport aux critères Texel-Faial (Accord OSPAR 2019-03), qui se trouve dans le rapport de cas (publication 358/2008). Le présent document fournit des proposition d’actions et des mesures qui pourraient être prises dans le but d’améliorer l’état de conservation de l’espèce habitat. En se mettant d’accord sur la publication de ce document, les Parties Contractantes OSPAR ont indiqué la nécessité d'approfondir ces propositions. Cependant, L la publication de ce document ne signifie pasque la Commission OSPAR adopte formellement ces propositions. Sur la base de l'approfondissement de ces propositions, OSPAR poursuivra ses travaux dans le but d’assurer la protection des forêts de laminaires, le cas échéant avec la coopération d’autres organisations compétentes. Ce document de référence pourra être mis à jour pour tenir compte de nouvelles avancées ou informations qui deviendront disponibles concernant le statut de habitat