Banks’ risk taking behavior and the optimization monetary policy

This study analyzes the behavior of risk taking on economic agents such as banks, households, and firms as a repond of monetary policy and macroprudential choices in Indonesia. The behavior of economic agents modeled in a DSGE models. In the model, the credit risk is modeled endogenously. Credit risk is a function of household and firm leverage ratio, bank leverage ratio, property market and general economy condition. Moreover, there are two types of bank in assessing the risks of credit. The results show that, endogenous credit risk, has an impact on the deepen procyclicality in credit. Furthermore, this research model contributes to a deeper understanding of the prudential policy framework. In the event of risk taking, analysis optimal policy responses using the loss function of central banks. The policy of lower interest rates should be combined with a loan to value ratio policy and increase CAR to generate the smallest lossespeer-reviewe

Optimal monetary and macroprudential policies under risk taking environment

The purpose of this study is to identify the existence of risk taking behavior in economic agents and optimal monetary and macro prudential policy options in Indonesia. Using the household and firm balance sheet data during the period 2002q1-2013q4, our approach found that risk taking behavior occurs both in households and firms in Indonesia. We develop a model whose economic agents consist of households, firms, banks and central banks by treating the bank credit risk as an endogenous variable. The performance of the model suggests that the monetary shock response drives an increase in credit growth. The same pattern occurs in the shock of increasing asset prices and increasing world GDP. Furthermore, this study model contributes to a deeper understanding of the prudential policy framework. In the even of risk taking, either shock by exogenous asset price or world economy shock, monetary policy alone nor macroprudential alone may not be optimal policy responses.peer-reviewe

Potency of Carica papaya Leaf Extract as Thrombocytopenia Therapy for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials

Background: Dengue fever is a common disease in tropical countries. According to the data from the Indonesia Ministry of Health, there were 71.633 Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) cases reported in Indonesia, with approximately 459 people dying from the disease. Thrombocytopenia is the most common clinical feature of DHF and often causes serious complications if not treatedproperly. Several studies have analyzed the potency of Carica papaya leaf which has been proven asan effective therapy for thrombocytopenia. Objectives: This systematic review aims to discover the potency of Carica papaya leaf extract as a therapy for thrombocytopenia. Method: Literature was searched by using keywords in accordance with the topic, then filtered according to the inclusion criteria that had been determined according to the PRISMA rules. Publication bias in this reviewwas conducted subjectively using the Revman 5.4 software. Results: From 138 studies, it wasfound that screening was carried out based on inclusion criteria, including a randomized controlled trial study in humans with a population of dengue fever patients and received the intervention of papaya leaf extract so that 6 studies were included in the inclusion study, which was then carried out by qualitative synthesis from the study. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis, it wasfound that there was a faster and more significant improvement in the platelet count between the intervention group compared to the control group in the 6 studies. Conclusion: Carica papaya leaf extract has potential as a thrombocytopenia therapy in dengue fever patients

Comparison of Total Antioxidant Capacity and Cd-4 in Patients with HIV Stage I and Stage IV

Introduction: The role of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) is the cumulative effect of all the antioxidants found in the blood and body fluids. Objective: to know the total antioxidant status in patients with HIV and CD4 stage I and stage IV. Methods: Thirty-four patients with HIV who are divided into two groups, one was HIV patients with stage I and group 2 was HIV patients with stage IV. Checking of total antioxidant status and CD4 in both groups. Results: There was no significant difference in total antioxidant status in HIV oenderita stage I and stage IV. There are significant differences in the levels of CD4 HIV patients with stage I and stage IV. There is a relationship between total antioxidant status and CD4 in patients with HIV. Conclusion: the higher the CD4 count, the higher the total antioxidant capacity in patients with HIV

COMPARISON OF TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND CD-4 IN PATIENTS WITH HIV STAGE I AND STAGE IV

ABSTRACT Introduction: The role of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) is the cumulative effect of all the antioxidants found in the blood and body fluids. Objective: to know the total antioxidant status in patients with HIV and CD4 stage I and stage IV. Methods: Thirty-four patients with HIV who are  divided into two groups, one was HIV patients with stage I and  group  2 was HIV patients with stage IV. Checking of total antioxidant status and CD4 in both groups. Results: There was no significant difference in total antioxidant status in HIV oenderita stage I and stage IV. There are significant differences in the levels of CD4 HIV patients with stage I and stage IV. There  is a relationship between total antioxidant status and CD4 in patients with HIV. Conclusion: the higher the CD4 count,  the higher the total antioxidant capacity in patients with HIV. Keywords : CD4, Patients HIV, Total Antioxidant Capacit

Chikungunya in Indonesia: Epidemiology and diagnostic challenges.

BACKGROUND:Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is often overlooked as an etiology of fever in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Lack of diagnostic testing capacity in these areas combined with co-circulation of clinically similar pathogens such as dengue virus (DENV), hinders CHIKV diagnosis. To better address CHIKV in Indonesia, an improved understanding of epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approaches is needed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Acutely hospitalized febrile patients ≥1-year-old were enrolled in a multi-site observational cohort study conducted in Indonesia from 2013 to 2016. Demographic and clinical data were collected at enrollment; blood specimens were collected at enrollment, once during days 14 to 28, and three months after enrollment. Plasma samples negative for DENV by serology and/or molecular assays were screened for evidence of acute CHIKV infection (ACI) by serology and molecular assays. To address the co-infection of DENV and CHIKV, DENV cases were selected randomly to be screened for evidence of ACI. ACI was confirmed in 40/1,089 (3.7%) screened subjects, all of whom were DENV negative. All 40 cases initially received other diagnoses, most commonly dengue fever, typhoid fever, and leptospirosis. ACI was found at five of the seven study cities, though evidence of prior CHIKV exposure was observed in 25.2% to 45.9% of subjects across sites. All subjects were assessed during hospitalization as mildly or moderately ill, consistent with the Asian genotype of CHIKV. Subjects with ACI had clinical presentations that overlapped with other common syndromes, atypical manifestations of disease, or persistent or false-positive IgM against Salmonella Typhi. Two of the 40 cases were possibly secondary ACI. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:CHIKV remains an underdiagnosed acute febrile illness in Indonesia. Public health measures should support development of CHIKV diagnostic capacity. Improved access to point-of-care diagnostic tests and clinical training on presentations of ACI will facilitate appropriate case management such as avoiding unneccessary treatments or antibiotics, early response to control mosquito population and eventually reducing disease transmission