Thickness driven stabilization of saw-tooth-like domains upon phase transitions in ferroelectric thin films with depletion charges

Ionized impurities have nearly always been neglected in discussing the limit of functionality of ferroelectric thin films. One would certainly expect that the thickness limit for functionality would be altered in the presence of ionized impurities, but how this would occur remains unclear. In this article, we analyze the domain structures as well as the phase transition temperatures in films with depletion charges for various film thicknesses. Depletion charges induce a position-dependent built-in field that leads to an inhomogeneous distribution of ferroelectric polarization. Such an inhomogeneity in the polarization results in strong depolarizing fields in films. We show that formation of saw-tooth-type domains is a way to circumvent the depolarizing fields, even in films with ideal electrodes. There is a critical film thickness above which the saw-tooth domains develop. On the other hand, the phase transition of the ultrathin structures with electrodes having a finite screening length, namely real electrodes, is always into the multidomain state during cooling from the paraelectric state, regardless of the presence of depletion charges. An important finding we have is that the transition temperature in films with real electrodes does not depend nearly at all on the depletion charge density unless it is very high (>10(26) ionized impurities/m(3)). Relatively thick films (>8 nm in this work) with real electrodes that have very high depletion charge densities have transition temperatures very similar to those with the same charge density, but with ideal electrodes, making us conclude that thick films with high depletion charge densities will hardly feel the finite screening effects. The results are provided for (001) BaTiO3 films grown on (001) SrTiO3 substrates with pseudomorphic top and bottom metallic electrodes

Evaluation of Metropolitan Government Act adopted in July 2004 in Act No 5216 in terms of strategic spatial planning approach

Türkiye’de metropoliten bölge ölçeğinde stratejik mekânsal planlamada önemli problemlerin yaşandığı bu konuda yapılan araştırmalardan ve uygulama sürecindeki anlaşmazlıkları çözmek üzere ortaya konan yargı kararlarından bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, metropoliten yönetimlerin yasal statüsünü belirleyen 5216 sayılı yeni Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yasası ile getirilen yeni düzenlemelerin, mevcut yönetim ve planlama sorunlarına ne ölçüde yanıt getirdiği tartışılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, 5216 sayılı yasa, Avrupa’da metropoliten bölge ölçeğinde stratejik mekânsal planlama konusundaki gelişmeler ve bu konuda geliştirilen kriterler göz önüne alınarak değerlendirilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Stratejik mekânsal planlama, metropoliten bölge ölçeği, kurumsal kapasitenin geliştirilmesi.The current planning regulations in Turkey have not defined explicitly the legal and administrative procedures and institutional arrangements for strategic spatial planning at the metropolitan region level. Furthermore, previous research concerned with the subject pointed out that there is no basic model for strategic spatial planning and it is the aspect which is dealt with in this thesis. The main objective of the thesis is to evaluate strategic spatial planning at the metropolitan region level in Turkey within European spatial planning system in terms of institutional capacity building. As a result of this evaluation based on the new directions in the practice of strategic spatial planning and institutional approach in Europe and the practice benchmark of effective metropolitan spatial planning in European metropolitan regions and areas, a conceptual system model is proposed for strategic spatial planning at the metropolitan region level in Turkey. This article is primarily concerned with the evaluation of the regulation was enacted newly in 2004 (the so-called Metropolitan Government Act) related to metropolitan government and strategic spatial planning at the metropolitan region level in terms of institutional capacity building. Keywords: Strategic spatial planning, metropolitan region level, institutional capacity buildin

Antioksidanların İnsan Sağlığı Açısından Önemi ve Bitkilerdeki Bazı Antioksidan Tayin Yöntemleri

Canlı organizmaların içinde bulunduğu oksidatif stres durumuna karşı bitkisel fenolik bileşikler, önemli doğal savunma mekanizmaları sunarlar. Bu bileşikler, bitkilerde doğal olarak bulunan ve ROS (reaktif oksijen türleri) ile ilişkili oksidatif hasarı engelleyen önemli bir grup biyoaktif bileşiktir. Fenolik bileşikler, bitkilerde geniş bir yelpazede bulunan doğal ürünlerdir ve antioksidan, antienflamatuar, antikanser, antiviral ve diğer biyolojik aktiviteleri içerebilen çeşitli sağlık yararlarına sahip olabilirler. Bu fenolik bileşikler, ROS'ları nötralize etme yetenekleri nedeniyle antioksidan aktivite gösterirler. Bitkilerde antioksidan tayini, bitkisel materyalde bulunan antioksidan bileşiklerin nicel olarak belirlenmesi için kullanılan analitik yöntemleri ifade eder. Bu tür tayinler, bitkisel örneklerin antioksidan kapasitesini değerlendirmek, bitkisel ürünlerin kalitesini kontrol etmek ve bitkilerin biyoaktif bileşik içeriğini anlamak amacıyla önemli bir rol oynar. Antioksidan tayini, çeşitli kimyasal ve spektrofotometrik yöntemler kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir. Bu yöntemler, bitkilerde bulunan antioksidan bileşiklerin çeşitli yönlerini değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Antioksidan tayini, bitkisel ürünlerin fonksiyonel içeriklerini belirlemek ve sağlık üzerindeki olumlu etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla önemlidir

Sarı Kantoron (Hypericum perforatum) Bitkisinin Antioksidan ve Antimikrobiyal Özellikleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Hypericum perforatum, yaygın olarak "sarı kantaron" veya "kantaron" olarak bilinen, Hypericaceae familyasına ait bir bitki türüdür. Bu bitkinin antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri, tıbbi ve geleneksel kullanımlarının yanı sıra insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri üzerine yapılan araştırmalarla önemli hale gelmiştir. Antioksidan özellikleri açısından, Hypericum perforatum bitkisi, biyolojik sistemlerde oksidatif stresin neden olduğu zararlı etkilere karşı koruyucu bir rol oynayabilen bir dizi bileşen içerir. Antimikrobiyal özellikleri ise, Hypericum perforatum'un özellikle St. John's Wort yağı adı verilen özütünün içinde bulunan bileşikler aracılığıyla gösterilmiştir. Bu bileşenler, bakteriler, mantarlar ve virüsler dahil olmak üzere çeşitli mikroorganizmaların büyümesini ve yayılmasını inhibe edebilir. Hypericum perforatum'un antioksidan özellikleri, iltihaplanma, oksidatif stres ve bazı kronik hastalıkların yönetimine yardımcı olabileceğine dair kanıtlar bulunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Hypericum perforatum'un antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri, insan sağlığına çeşitli yollarla katkıda bulunabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak bu etkilerin tam olarak anlaşılabilmesi için daha fazla klinik çalışma gereklidir

Pests, Diseases, Nematodes, and Weeds Management on Strawberries

Strawberry is an important crop for many features, including being rich in vitamins and minerals. In addition to fresh consumption, it has been appealing to a wide range of consumers in recent years. Its cultivation is in flat areas, slopes, and areas where other crops are limited. Many pests and diseases that are the main biotic stress factors cause significant crop losses in strawberry cultivation. The aim of this chapter is to reveal biotic stress factors and their management. Several plant-parasitic nematodes, fungal diseases, weeds, pests, virus diseases, and bacterial diseases are the main biotic stress factors in plant growing and fruit ripening. The preparation of this book chapter is based on previously published sources and researches and manuscripts. In this section, it is aimed to provide readers with new perspectives in terms of collecting data on nematodes, diseases, pests, weeds, and fruit ripening of strawberry plants. The effect and mechanism of those biotic stress factors on strawberry growing are discussed and revealed in this chapter

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Global disparities in surgeons’ workloads, academic engagement and rest periods: the on-calL shIft fOr geNEral SurgeonS (LIONESS) study

: The workload of general surgeons is multifaceted, encompassing not only surgical procedures but also a myriad of other responsibilities. From April to May 2023, we conducted a CHERRIES-compliant internet-based survey analyzing clinical practice, academic engagement, and post-on-call rest. The questionnaire featured six sections with 35 questions. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression (SPSS® v. 28). The survey received a total of 1.046 responses (65.4%). Over 78.0% of responders came from Europe, 65.1% came from a general surgery unit; 92.8% of European and 87.5% of North American respondents were involved in research, compared to 71.7% in Africa. Europe led in publishing research studies (6.6 ± 8.6 yearly). Teaching involvement was high in North America (100%) and Africa (91.7%). Surgeons reported an average of 6.7 ± 4.9 on-call shifts per month, with European and North American surgeons experiencing 6.5 ± 4.9 and 7.8 ± 4.1 on-calls monthly, respectively. African surgeons had the highest on-call frequency (8.7 ± 6.1). Post-on-call, only 35.1% of respondents received a day off. Europeans were most likely (40%) to have a day off, while African surgeons were least likely (6.7%). On the adjusted multivariable analysis HDI (Human Development Index) (aOR 1.993) hospital capacity > 400 beds (aOR 2.423), working in a specialty surgery unit (aOR 2.087), and making the on-call in-house (aOR 5.446), significantly predicted the likelihood of having a day off after an on-call shift. Our study revealed critical insights into the disparities in workload, access to research, and professional opportunities for surgeons across different continents, underscored by the HDI

In the early childhood period children's decision-making processes

One of the aims of the early childhood education is to equip children with the necessities of the changing and developing world. To be able to adapt to the fast changing and developing world, decision-making is a crucial life skill; for it has been seen that children have been frequently confronting situations of making decisions in their daily lives like the adults. Active learning teaches children the decision-making process related to learning and enables this process to work actively. Since there is interaction in the basis of active learning, it enables children to take some decisions relevant to learning process and to use their own intellectual construction. The period of time that a child is engaged in the active learning work is important for the development of decision-making process