Keynes and the Supply Side

Thomas J . Hailstones is Dean of the Graduate School of Business Administration at Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio

Credit extension in South Africa: an analysis of the impact of interest rates and income levels on the level of household debt

The recent growth in the unsecured lending market and the bankruptcy of African Bank Investments Limited have brought to light concerns regarding credit extension and the level of household indebtedness in South Africa. This study seeks to investigate the relevant aspects of credit extension in both the secured and unsecured lending markets by firstly analysing contemporary literature and then conducting a more formal empirical analysis. A VAR model is estimated to examine the effects household disposable income and interest rates have on the level of household debt in South Africa for the period 1995Q1-2015Q3. The empirical results indicate that there is no significant deterministic relationship between household disposable income and household debt. However, the results show that such a relationship does exist between interest rate and household debt. Finally, impulse response functions obtained from the VAR estimation are examined which indicate that both shocks too household disposable income and interest rates effect the level of household debt, but that this effect returns to equilibrium within six periods

Lipid peroxidation and ageing in seeds of cabbage and soya bean.

Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1986.It has been suggested that lipid peroxidation is involved in the loss of seed vigour, although many attempts to examine the relationships between lipid peroxidation and seed vigour have proved equivocal. Studies were undertaken on seed lots of cabbage and soya bean to find evidence for peroxidation by the analysis of i) total and polar fatty acid levels; ii) lipid hydroperoxides; iii) volatile products produced on heating dry seeds; and iv) volatile products produced on imbibition. The loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) detected in the dry seeds was clearly related to germinability in both soya bean and cabbage seeds. Furthermore, an increase in hydroperoxides was observed in both seed types. Although the relationship of the level of hydroperoxides to germinability was less clear than for the decline in the level of PUFAs, these results suggested that the loss of PUFAs was possibly due to evidence the peroxidation of the seed obtained from the heating lipid, indirect of the seeds suggesting that hydroperoxide breakdown may be necessary in order that the changes in PUFAs become apparent. In contrast to the poor relationship observed between germinability and hydroperoxide level, a marked relationship between hydroperoxide level and seed moisture content was observed in the cabbage seeds. This may be significant with regard to the observed relationship between storability and seed moisture content, although no such relationship was seen in the soya beans. Certain volatile compounds derived from dry heated seeds were related to seed vigour in both seed types and evidence suggests that the lipid hydroperoxides were the source of these compounds. Although the total volatiles counts evolved from imbibing cabbage seeds showed no quantitative relationship to seed vigour, one peak was noted which was clearly associated with the vigour of these seeds. The variability in the volatiles evolved from soya beans on imbibition, however, precluded the detection of any possible relationship between these and seed vigour. In both seed types, results suggest that the volatiles derived on imbibition were of a different source to those derived on heating. A marked increase in the level of hydroperoxides was observed in whole cabbage seeds and soya bean axes of low vigour over the first hour of imbibition. This may suggest that an exacerbation of damage on imbibition was associated with low vigour seeds. In contrast to this, in the seeds of high vigour, the increase in hydroperoxide levels was markedly less or rapidly reduced, suggesting the possible activity of repair mechanisms. Ferrous ions were shown to invigorate both seed types, particularly cabbage seeds. It is suggested that the invigorating effect of these compounds was due to the facilitation of repair, including hydroperoxide breakdown and the quenching of any free radicals

Lipid peroxidation and ageing in seeds of Glycine Max.

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1990.Six different lots of soya beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were examined. Seed hydroperoxide levels were highly correlated with viability, but not with moisture contents. It was proposed that moisture contents may exert a similar antioxidant effect at intermediate levels as has been observed in dry foods. Seeds treated with ferrous sulphate were significantly (S% level) invigorated. Furthermore, this treatment was observed to give rise to a reduction in the peroxide value of soya bean axes over the first hour of imbibition, an increase in 2,3,S-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride reduction and protein synthesis, and a decline in electrolyte leakage. It was proposed that this was due to the antioxidant activity of the ferrous iron, leading to an attenuation of free-radical induced autoxidation. Ferrous sulphate treated seeds produced more aldehydes than untreated seeds. This result suggested that aldehydes may not be responsible for declining seed vigour. Hexanal, pentanal and butanal production from heated dry seeds was significantly correlated with seed germination, CVG and hydroperoxide levels. The thermal breakdown of the hydroperoxides was postulated to be the source of these compounds. A GC technique was developed using model systems of oxidized methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate and soya bean bulk oil. The analysis of seed lipid oxidation products revealed marked differences in the proportions of the products compared to bulk and monolayer oxidation. The selective production of the 13-hydroperoxide implicated enzymatic or metalloprotein involvement. The implications of the results of this study with regard to the present theories of seed ageing were discussed

Regulation of caveolin and caveolae by cholesterol in MDCK cells

We have examined the expression of caveolin in MDCK cells under conditions that vary cellular cholesterol concentration. Caveolin mRNA levels dropped to one-sixth of control levels after treatment with simvastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, or beta-trimethyl cyclodextrin (CD), a cholesterol sequestering drug. Both simvastatin and CD treatment decreased total cellular cholesterol levels to about 50% of control values. The potent activator of the sterol regulatory element, 25-hydroxycholesterol, showed no direct regulation of caveolin mRNA levels. Caveolin protein concentration was also decreased to 50% of control values in cholesterol-depleted cells, giving rise to a severe attenuation of caveolin expression detected by indirect immunofluorescence labeling. Quantitative electron microscopy showed a total loss of morphologically recognizable invaginated caveolae after these cholesterol depletion treatments. When the number of invaginated caveolae per cell was expressed as a function of the cellular cholesterol content, a threshold phenomenon was observed, suggesting that caveolae only form when the steady state cellular cholesterol is above 50% of control values. These findings indicate that caveolins, and caveolae, may play an important part in cellular cholesterol homeostasis

Platforms to differentiate exotic pathovars of plant bacteria

Many of the EPPs that pose the biggest threat to the biosecurity of Australia’s plant industries are bacterial, but difficulties in identification to the subspecific or ‘ pathovar ’ level can seriously delay incursion management and affect market access. Pathovars are defined by host specificity so bio assays remain the definitive means of identification, but these require high level physical containment and can be slow and subjective , delaying diagnosis . Some pathovar - specific serological and molecular tests are available but better diagnostic methods are often required. This project used proteomics and metabolomics, platforms that identify functional molecules potentially associated with plant - pathogen interactions, to identify biomarkers that differentiate pathovars in species of Xanthomonas . Membrane - associated proteins from a collection of bacterial isolates were compared on 2Dimensional gels. Proteins that were found to be differentially expressed between distinct pathovars may be important modulators of host specificity so they were identified and the genes that encode them located by reference to genomic sequences . DNA - based assays targeting these genes were designed and validated for their specificity to the pathovar level . We have developed two new assays that provide levels of specificity not reported elsewhere in the literature. These assays specifically target the bacteria causing the different forms of citrus canker, but without cross - reaction to the closely - related organisms causing bacterial blight on cotton and Citrus Bacterial Spot. The molecular assays will be incorporated into the National Diagnostic Protocol for citrus canker through the SPHDS process. The metabolomics component has analysed metabolite expression in selected bacterial pathovars. Results showed separation between the different pathovars based on differential levels of expression of particular metabolites. These metabolites may be important determinants of pathogenicity. Neither proteomics nor metabolomics had been implemented before in the study of phytopathogenic bacteria and whilst both proved to be technically demanding, each delivered new biomarkers that differentiate phytopathogenic bacteria to a subspecific level . This confirmed the viability of these approaches as platforms to discover novel diagnostic targets. The new methods developed will be implemented into the national incursion response capability , improving the specificity of diagnostic testing available and reducing the possibility of false positive diagnosis . The project has fostered new collaborative partnerships both nationally (NSW, Victoria, WA) and internationally (to Thailand and the USA). The next phase of this work will provide a strong start - up project to the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre ( PBCRC ) . This project has directly enhanced the plant bacteriology capacity of NSW and Australia trough the recruitment and training of science professionals and an undergraduate student , and supported the specialist training of a Thai scientist through allied project CRC20093

Molecular Characterization of Caveolin Association with the Golgi Complex: Identification of a Cis-Golgi Targeting Domain in the Caveolin Molecule

Caveolins are integral membrane proteins which are a major component of caveolae. In addition, caveolins have been proposed to cycle between intracellular compartments and the cell surface but the exact trafficking route and targeting information in the caveolin molecule have not been defined. We show that antibodies against the caveolin scaffolding domain or against the COOH terminus of caveolin-1 show a striking specificity for the Golgi pool of caveolin and do not recognize surface caveolin by immunofluorescence. To analyze the Golgi targeting of caveolin in more detail, caveolin mutants were expressed in fibroblasts. Specific mutants lacking the NH2 terminus were targeted to the cis Golgi but were not detectable in surface caveolae. Moreover, a 32–amino acid segment of the putative COOH-terminal cytoplasmic domain of caveolin-3 was targeted specifically and exclusively to the Golgi complex and could target a soluble heterologous protein, green fluorescent protein, to this compartment. Palmitoylation-deficient COOH-terminal mutants showed negligible association with the Golgi complex. This study defines unique Golgi targeting information in the caveolin molecule and identifies the cis Golgi complex as an intermediate compartment on the caveolin cycling pathway

Cholesterol Depletion in Adipocytes Causes Caveolae Collapse Concomitant with Proteosomal Degradation of Cavin-2 in a Switch-Like Fashion

Caveolae, little caves of cell surfaces, are enriched in cholesterol, a certain level of which is required for their structural integrity. Here we show in adipocytes that cavin-2, a peripheral membrane protein and one of 3 cavin isoforms present in caveolae from non-muscle tissue, is degraded upon cholesterol depletion in a rapid fashion resulting in collapse of caveolae. We exposed 3T3-L1 adipocytes to the cholesterol depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which results in a sudden and extensive degradation of cavin-2 by the proteasome and a concomitant movement of cavin-1 from the plasma membrane to the cytosol along with loss of caveolae. The recovery of cavin-2 at the plasma membrane is cholesterol-dependent and is required for the return of cavin-1 from the cytosol to the cell surface and caveolae restoration. Expression of shRNA directed against cavin-2 also results in a cytosolic distribution of cavin-1 and loss of caveolae. Taken together, these data demonstrate that cavin-2 functions as a cholesterol responsive component of caveolae that is required for cavin-1 localization to the plasma membrane, and caveolae structural integrity

Inhibition of lipid raft-dependent signaling by a dystrophy-associated mutant of caveolin-3

Specific point mutations in caveolin-3, a predominantly muscle-specific member of the caveolin family, have been implicated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and in rippling muscle disease. We examined the effect of these mutations on caveolin-3 localization and function. Using two independent assay systems, Raf activation in fibroblasts and neurite extension in PC12 cells, we show that one of the caveolin-3 point mutants, caveolin-3-C71W, specifically inhibits signaling by activated H-Ras but not by K-Ras. To gain insights into the effect of the mutant protein on H-Ras signaling, we examined the localization of the mutant proteins in fibroblastic cells and in differentiating myotubes. Unlike the previously characterized caveolin-3-DGV mutant, the inhibitory caveolin-3-C71W mutant reached the plasma membrane and colocalized with wild type caveolins. In BHK cells, caveolin-3-C71W associated with caveolae and in differentiating muscle cells with the developing T-tubule system. In contrast, the caveolin-3-P104L mutant accumulated in the Golgi complex and had no effect on H-Ras-mediated Raf activation. Inhibition by caveolin-3-C71W was rescued by cholesterol addition, suggesting that the mutant protein perturbs cholesterol-rich raft domains. Thus, we have demonstrated that a naturally occurring caveolin-3 mutation can inhibit signaling involving cholesterol-sensitive raft domains