Analysis of Factors that Affect Road Traffic Accidents in Bahir Dar City

Abstract: Traffic accident is increased from time to time in alarming rate and it is a serious problem throughout the globe, particularly, in developing countries like Ethiopia. In this study our aim was to identify the major factors that affect the occurrence of traffic accidents at Bahir Dar city, North Western Ethiopia. The drivers were selected using simple random sampling methods and descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Binary logistic regression methods have been used for data analysis.The Hosmer and Lemeshow test showed that the model fits the data very well. And from the result we have seen that drivers giving priority stated by the law, pedestrian's manner while crossing the road, drivers usage of seat belt have statistically significant impact for the occurrence of traffic accidents in the city. Pedestrian's manner while crossing the road is one of the significant variable for the occurrence of road traffic accidents in Bahir Dar city. Therefore, the traffic polices or concerned body should give trainings for pedestrians about traffic accidents. To minimize the road traffic accidents, the government should set the rules to use the seat belt so that the drivers should apply it

A binary logistic regression model with complex sampling design of unmet need for family planning among all women aged (15-49) in Ethiopia.

Background: Unintended pregnancy related to unmet need is a worldwide problem that affects societies. The main objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and determinants of unmet need for family planning among women aged (15-49) in Ethiopia. Methods: The Performance Monitoring and Accountability2020/Ethiopia was conducted in April 2016 at round-4 from 7494 women with two-stage-stratified sampling. Bi-variable and multi-variable binary logistic regression model with complex sampling design was fitted. Results: The prevalence of unmet-need for family planning was 16.2% in Ethiopia. Women between the age range of 15-24 years were 2.266 times more likely to have unmet need family planning compared to above 35 years. Women who were currently married were about 8 times more likely to have unmet need family planning compared to never married women. Women who had no under-five child were 0.125 times less likely to have unmet need family planning compared to those who had more than two-under-5. Conclusion: The key determinants of unmet need family planning in Ethiopia were residence, age, marital-status, education, household members, birth-events and number of under-5 children. Thus the Government of Ethiopia would take immediate steps to address the causes of high unmet need for family planning among women

Analysis of supply side factors influencing employability of new graduates: A tracer study of Bahir Dar University graduates

The purpose of this study was to determine the job placement profiles of the graduates of Bahir Dar University and the relevance of school-related factors to job placement. The study was conducted at Bahir Dar University with participants who were first-degree graduates from the 2015 and 2016 cohorts. Stratified multistage random sampling was used to select respondents. Out of 4208 graduates, 867 graduates were selected to participate in the study. To determine the potential factors for graduate employability in the labour market, both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied.Results revealed that 79% percentof surveyed graduates were gainfully employed, with the majority (93%) having their first job related to their completed course. The time taken to find employment was from 1 to 6 months and the overall average duration of unemployment was 5.08 months. Sixty five percent of graduates reported that they used a public advertisement to find their first job and 58% reported that their employers used examinations to select   potential candidates. A 12% variation in employability was explained by CGPA, preferred field of study, the number of companies contacted and time management skills of graduates. Moreover, graduates’ transitional employability has a positive association with cumulative GPA, preferred field of study, and internship practice. It is recommended that sustainable employment of graduates can be secured if the University improves its current curriculum to incorporate more employability skills demanded by the labour market

Statistical models for longitudinal zero-inflated count data: application to seizure attacks

Background: Chronic non-communicable diseases:- such as epilepsy, are increasingly recognized as public health problems in developing and African countries. This study aimed at finding determinants of the number of epileptic seizure attacks using different count data modeling techniques. Methods: Four common fixed-effects Poisson family models were reviewed to analyze the count data with a high proportion of zeros in longitudinal outcome, i.e., the number of seizure attacks in epilepsy patients. This is because, in addition to the problem of extra zeros, the correlation between measurements upon the same patient at different occasions needs to be taken into consideration. Results: The investigation remarkably identified some important factors associated with epileptic seizure attacks. As people grow old , the number of seizure attacks increased and male patients had more seizures than their female counterparts. In general, a patient\u2019s age, sex, monthly income, family history of epilepsy andservice satisfaction were some of the significant factors responsible for the frequency of seizure attacks (P value<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that zero-inflated negative binomial is the best model for predicting and describing the number of seizure attacks as well as identifying the potential risk factors. Addressing these risk factors will definitely contain the progression of seizure attack

2x2 çapraz tasarımı altındaki biyoeşdeğerlik çalışmalarında örnek boyutunun tanımlanması

Biyoeşdeğerlik çalışmalarında örneklem büyüklüğü Schuirmann (1987)`ın iki tek yönlü testine (TOST) dayanılarak elde edilir. Biyoeşdeğerlik çalışmaları için çarpımsal ve toplamsal modeller kullanılır. En yaygın tasarım 2 dizi, 2 dönem ve 2 tedavi içeren 2x2 çarpımsal tasarım modelidir. Çapraz tasarımda gönüllülere/hastalara farklı tedaviler ya da aynı tedavide farklı dozlar uygulanır ve sonuçlar karşılaştırılır. Bu tasarım bireyler arası değişkenliği yok ettiği için klinisyenler tarafından tercih edilmektedir._x000B_Örneklem büyüklüğü klinik çalışmalarda önemli bir rol oynar. Gerçek veriler (dönüşüm uygulanmamış) ya da Logaritmik dönüşüm uygulanmış veriler, biyoeşdeğerlik çalışmalarında, paralel ya da çapraz tasarımlar altında kullanılır. Bu çalışmanın amacı heterojen varyanslılık durumunda test ve referans ilacının etkinliğini karşılaştırmak için gerekli örneklem büyüklüğünü belirlemektir. Test ve referans ilaçlarının biyoeşdeğer olup olmadığını belirlemek için iki tek yönlü test yapısı kullanılarak %(1-2?)x100 güven aralığında simulasyon çalışması yapılmıştır. Son olarak simulasyon çalışması R 2.14.0 paket programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Approximate formulas for sample size determination are derived based on Schuirmann's (1987) two one-sided tests (TOST) in bioequivalence studies. For bioequivalence studies, the additive and the multiplicative models are used. The most popular design is 2x2 crossover design, which contains two sequences, two periods and two treatments. In clinical trials, crossover trials are experiments in which patients/volunteer are allocated a series of treatments with the objective of comparing the different treatments or different doses of the same treatment. This design attracts clinicians because it eliminates between subjects variability._x000B_Sample size calculation plays an important role in bioequivalence trials. In practice, a bioequivalence study is usually conducted under a crossover design or a parallel design with raw data or log-transformed data. The purpose of this work is to determine the number of subjects/sample size required to conduct a clinical trial in order to compare the efficacy or futility of a new produced drug/treatment with that of the reference drug in case of heterogeneous variability. A simulation study was carried out to construct two-one sided (1-2alpha)x100 percent confidence intervals for ratios of the test and reference formulations of a drug product to assess whether the test and the reference drug products are bioequivalence or not. Finally, the simulation is performed through R 2.14.0 statistical software

Level and Determinant of Child Mortality Rate in Ethiopia

Background: One of the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) is to diminish the under-five mortality rate and improvement in maternal health. This study aims to identify factors that affect under-five mortality based on the 2016 EDHS dataset using the multilevel count regression model. Method: The EDHS data have a two-level hierarchical structure, with 14,370 women nested within 11 geographical regions. Multilevel count models were employed to predict the outcomes. Results: The data were found to have excess zeros (53.7%); the variance (1.697) is higher than its mean (0.90). Among families of count models, the HNB model was found to be a better fit for the dataset than the others. The study revealed that a child of multiple births is 1.45 more likely to die as compared with a single birth. Babies delivered in the private sector are a 0.65 lower risk of under-five mortality compared to the babies delivered at home. Conclusion: Vaccination of child, family size, age of mother, antenatal visit, birth interval, birth order, contraceptive used, father education level, mother education level, father occupation, place of delivery, child twin, age first birth and religion were significantly associated with under-five mortality. The Ministry of Health should work properly to raise the awareness of parents for vaccination, family planning services and efforts should be made to improve the parental educational level

Risk factors of child mortality in Ethiopia: Application of multilevel two-part model.

The child mortality rate is an essential measurement of socioeconomic growth and the quality of life in Ethiopia which is one among the six countries that account for half of the global under-five deaths. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the potential risk factors for child mortality in Ethiopia. Data for the study was drawn from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data conducted in 2016. A two-part random effects regression model was employed to identify the associated predictors of child mortality. The study found that 53.3% of mothers did not face any child death, while 46.7% lost at least one. Vaccinated child (IRR = 0.735, 95%CI: 0.647, 0.834), were currently using contraceptive (IRR = 0.885, 95%CI: 0.814, 0.962), who had antenatal care visit four or more times visit (IRR = 0.841, 95%CI: 0.737,0.960), fathers whose level of education is secondary or above(IRR = 0.695, 95%CI: 0.594, 0.814), mothers who completed their primary school(IRR = 0.785, 95%CI: 0.713, 0.864), mothers who have birth interval greater than 36 months (IRR = 0.728, 95%CI: 0.676, 0.783), where the age of the mother at first birth is greater than 16 years(IRR = 0.711, 95%CI: 0.674, 0.750) associated with the small number of child death. While multiple births (IRR = 1.355, 95%CI: 1.249, 1.471, four and above birth order (IRR = 1.487, 95%CI: 1.373, 1.612) and had working father (IRR = 1.125, 95%CI: 1.049, 1.206) associated with a higher number of child death. The variance components for the random effects showed significant variation of child mortality between enumeration areas. Policies and programs aimed at addressing enumeration area variations in child mortality need to be formulated and their implementation must be strongly pursued. Efforts are also needed to extend educational programmers aimed at educating mothers on the benefits of the antenatal checkup before first birth, spacing their birth interval, having their child vaccinated, and selecting a safe place of delivery to reduce child mortality

Weighted log-linear models for service delivery points in Ethiopia: a case of modern contraceptive users at health facilities

Abstract Background Ethiopia is among countries with low contraceptive usage prevalence rate and resulted in high total fertility rate and unwanted pregnancy which intern affects the maternal and child health status. This study aimed to investigate the major factors that affect the number of modern contraceptive users at service delivery point in Ethiopia. Methods The Performance Monitoring and Accountability2020/Ethiopia data collected between March and April 2016 at round-4 from 461 eligible service delivery points were in this study. The weighted log-linear negative binomial model applied to analyze the service delivery point’s data. Results Fifty percent of service delivery points in Ethiopia given service for 61 modern contraceptive users with the interquartile range of 0.62. The expected log number of modern contraceptive users at rural was 1.05 (95% Wald CI: − 1.42 to − 0.68) lower than the expected log number of modern contraceptive users at urban. In addition, the expected log count of modern contraceptive users at others facility type was 0.58 lower than the expected log count of modern contraceptive users at the health center. The numbers of nurses/midwives were affecting the number of modern contraceptive users. Since, the incidence rate of modern contraceptive users increased by one due to an additional nurse in the delivery point. Conclusion Among different factors considered in this study, residence, region, facility type, the number of days per week family planning offered, the number of nurses/midwives and number of medical assistants were to be associated with the number of modern contraceptive users. Thus, the Government of Ethiopia would take immediate steps to address causes of the number of modern contraceptive users in Ethiopia

Trends and Determinants of Underweight among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: Data from EDHS

Background and Aims. Malnutrition among under-five children is one of the major causes of death in low-income countries. Accordingly, health sectors in developing countries are providing renewed attention to the status of children’s nutrition. This study sought to explore the trends and identify the determinants of underweight Ethiopian under-five children across time. Methods. The data in the study was obtained from the 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS). The study involved 27564 under-five children across Ethiopian regions. The status of underweight is determined using weight for age. This anthropometric index has been categorized as “underweight” (Z-score less than -2) and “not underweight” (Z-score greater or equal to -2). Logistic regression was used for each survey to detect significant determinants of underweight, while multivariate decomposition was used to determine the trends and identified the child, maternal, and household characteristics that are associated with underweight. Result. The survey in 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 showed that 41, 33, 29, and 24% of sampled under-five children were underweight, respectively, and after adjusting for confounders, children were more likely to be underweight if they were male (OR=1.16, 95%CI=1.02, 1.33) in 2016 EDHS. Children whose mother’s age is below 20 (OR=5.75, 95%CI=1.44, 23.1)) were more likely to be underweight compared with children whose mother’s age is above 45. Children whose mothers had no education and primary education only (OR=1.65, 95% CI 1.05, 2.59 and OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.15, 1.78, respectively) were more likely underweight compared to children whose mothers had higher education. Conclusion. Children’s age, birth weight, mother’s education status, and children’s gender were the most common significant factors of underweight. The prevalence of underweight among under-five children declined over time which leads to an achievement in terms of meeting millennium development goals and nutritional targets. Government and concerned stakeholders should work to maintain this achievement for further reduction of underweight among under-five children

Students’ perception of service quality and its impact on their satisfaction in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

This paper was aimed to assess the impact of service quality of higher education institutions on students’ satisfaction in Amhara region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate students of government universities in the Amhara region who graduated in the academic year of 2014/15. A total of 552students were selected for the study using multistage sampling technique.  Cronbach’s alpha was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire used for data collection. Chi-square test was used to test the association between students’ satisfaction and service quality dimensions. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to examine the effects of service quality dimensions on students’ satisfaction. The results showed that reliability, responsiveness and empathy have a significant impact on students’ satisfaction while students’ university, tangibility andassurance have no significant impact on students’ satisfaction. The findings of the study revealed that students’ satisfaction was much better than what was expected at their university. The results of the Chi-square test revealed a significant association between service quality dimensions and students’ satisfaction. The ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that reliability, responsiveness and empathy are significantly related with students’ satisfaction and students who felt that the reliability, the responsiveness and the empathy. The quality of teaching methodologies, tasks with a friendly attitude of teaching, and the quality of learning environment were the key factors affecting the academic environment of an institution. The physical appearance of educational institution is not a matter instead the essence of students’ satisfaction lies in the quality of teaching and learning, experienced faculty, knowledgeable and liberality teachers. Universities are recommended to develop strict quality control and screening mechanisms while recruiting teachers.Key words: Higher Education Institution, Service Quality, Students’ Satisfaction, Ordinal Logistic Regression, Ethiopia