The evaluation of the operation of development of the North lake of Tunis. Unsuitability enters the "envisaging" and the "accomplishing"

Aujourd’hui, la division de l’espace du lac de Tunis entre trois zones d’interventions de trois experts, a favorisé la multiplication des processus de discontinuité urbaine et au lieu d’avoir un aménagement qui englobe tout l’espace des berges, il y a eu l’apparition de trois projets éparpillés. le problème de coordination et de contrôle s’est posé beaucoup plus qu'avant au sein du processus d’aménagement des berges Nord du lac en présence de deux architectes tunisiens à côte de l’architecte Danois H. Bareth, le principal concepteur.C'est ici que l'évaluation de cette opération est devenu un élément fondamental pour mesurer l’efficacité de ce projet en confrontant tout ce qui a été prévu au sein du programme avec tout ce qui a été réalisé à l’heure actuelle.Today, the division of the space of the lake of Tunis between three zones of interventions of three experts, favoured the multiplication of the processes of urban discontinuity and instead of having a development which includes all space of banks, there was the appearance of three scattered plans. the problem of coordination and of control settled much more than before within the process of development of the North banks of the lake in the presence of two Tunisian architects with coast of the architect Dane H. Bareth, the principal concepteur.It is here that the evaluation of this operation a fundamental element became to measure the effectiveness of this plan by confronting all that was envisaged within the programme with all what was accomplished at present

Synthesis of 2-Arylpyridines and 2-Arylbipyridines via Photoredox-Induced Meerwein Arylation with in Situ Diazotization of Anilines

International audienceWe report herein a sustainable method for the preparation of 2-arylpyridines through C-H arylation of pyridines using in situ formed diazonium salts (from commercially available aromatic amines) in the presence of a photoredox catalyst under blue light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation. The reaction is tolerant to a wide range of functional groups (e.g., halogen, nitrile, formyl, acetyl, ester). Applications to the C-H bond arylation of bipyridine ligands is also presented

Diagnosis and optimization of the Professional Training of agents of the general administration publique : The possible role of CTBT

Le thème de cette thèse relève du domaine de la formation tout au long de la vie professionnelle des agents administratifs de l’Etat djiboutien et plus particulièrement de l’usage des TICE. En effet, la place des TICE dans la formation des adultes, est devenue un moyen important de modernisation pédagogique et de mode de transmission de connaissances à des publics plus vastes. On assiste à un phénomène très important de convergence des enseignements présentiel et à distance dans le monde. Beaucoup des Ecoles Nationales de l’Administration (ENA), notamment ceux des pays industrialisés, consacrent aujourd'hui des moyens humains et financiers très importants à l'enseignement numérique. Elles utilisent ce système pour enrichir leur enseignement présentiel et parfois aussi pour offrir des programmes à distance.Il s’agit donc d’étudier l’environnement de ce système dans sa complexité en prenant en compte ses spécifications (pédagogiques et fonctionnelles) mais aussi sa dynamique, sa mise en œuvre et son exploitation. Nous allons étudier en particulier les dimensions technologiques éducatives et la diversification des modes et méthodes pédagogiques en formation d’adultes afin d’en proposer et de l’adapter au contexte djiboutien.Ainsi, il s’agit de trouver des indices et des critères de prise de décision stratégique pour renforcer les compétences de la ressource humaine de l’administration publique djiboutienne.The theme of this thesis within the field of training throughout the working lives of administrative officers of the state of Djibouti and in particular the use of ICT.Indeed, the role of ICT in adult education, has become an important means to modernize teaching and mode of transmission of knowledge to wider audiences. There has been a very important phenomenon of convergence and distance learning worldwide. Many of the National School of Administration (ENA), including those of industrialized countries now devote human and financial resources very important to teach digital. They use this system to enrich their classroom teaching and sometimes also to provide programs remotely.It is therefore to study the environment of this system in its complexity, taking into account its specifications (educational and functional), but also its dynamics, its implementation and operation. We will consider in particular the educational and technological dimensions of alternative teaching methods and training of adults in order to propose and to adapt to the context of Djibouti.Thus, it is to find clues and criteria for strategic decision making to enhance the skills of human resources of the government of Djibouti

Application of Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp(2))-H Bond Arylation to the Synthesis of Polycyclic (Hetero)Aromatics

International audienceRecently, the use of the palladium-catalyzed inter-and/or intra-molecular C-H bond arylations in the building of various π-extended (hetero)aromatic structures has emerged as a suitable alternative to the previous multi-steps synthesis. Such new methodology even allowed to prepare unprecedented π-extended molecules owing a perfect control of the reaction sites. This review gives an overview of various synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PolyCyclic Heteroaromatics (PCHs) with planar, bowl-shaped, and helical structures prepared in high efficiency and selectivity via Pd-catalyzed C-H bond arylations

Synthesis of 2,2'-Bipyridines through Catalytic C-C Bond Formations from C-H Bonds

International audienceThe present review describes the homogenous catalytic methodologies for the synthesis of 2,2'-bipyridines involving C-C bond formation from C-H bond. There are three main approaches to build well-decorated 2,2'-bipyridines from C-H bond cleavage: i) the formation of C2-C2 ' bond by the dimerization of (activated) pyridines, ii) the C-H bond heteroarylation of activated pyridine, or iii) the late-stage functionalization of (activated) 2,2'-bipyridines including photoredox processes. Besides the scope and limitation of each methodologies, the relevant mechanisms of reaction are also discussed

Access to functionalized luminescent Pt(ii) complexes by photoredox-catalyzed Minisci alkylation of 6-aryl-2,2′-bipyridines

International audiencePhotoredox-mediated C-H bond alkylation of 6-aryl-2,2′-bipyridines withN-(acyloxy)phthalimides is reported. The reaction exhibits excellent functional group tolerance, including chiral aliphatic groups. The influence of the incorporatedC6′-alkyl group on the photophysical properties of the corresponding (N^N^C) cyclometalated Pt(ii) complexes is described, including chiroptical properties

Direct access to 2-(hetero)arylated pyridines from 6-substituted 2-bromopyridines via phosphine-free palladium-catalyzed C-H bond arylations: the importance of the C6 substituent

International audienceA phosphine-free palladium catalytic system was found to be very active to promote C-H bond activation/arylation of 5-membered ring heterocycles or electron-deficient arenes with 6-substituted 2-bromopyridines, providing a general, straightforward and environmentally benign synthetic approach to a broad variety of 2-(hetero)arylpyridines. The reactivity of 2-bromopyridines is strongly dependent on the substituent at the C6 position. Several C6 substituents such as Br, CF3, CH3, CHO, or morpholine have been employed. Moreover, the use of 2,6-dibromopyridine as the coupling partner allowed the synthesis in high yields of sym. and unsym. 2,6-di(hetero)arylpyridines, as well as 2-heteroarylpyridines after the C-Br bond cleavage

Short Synthesis of Sulfur Analogues of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons through Three Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Bond Arylations

International audienceAn expeditious synthesis of a wide range of phenanthro[9,10-b]thiophene derivatives, which are a class of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) containing a sulfur atom, is reported. The synthetic scheme involves only two operations from commercially available thiophenes, 2-bromobenzenesulfonyl chlorides and aryl bromides. In the first step, palladium-catalyzed desulfitative arylation using 2-bromobenzenesulfonyl chlorides allows the synthesis of thiophene derivatives, which are substituted at the C4 position by an aryl group containing an ortho-bromo substituent. Then, a palladium-catalyzed one-pot cascade intermolecular C5-arylation of thiophene using aryl bromides followed by intramolecular arylation led to the corresponding phenanthro[9,10-b]thiophenes in a single operation. In addition, PAHs containing two or three sulfur atoms, as well as both sulfur and nitrogen atoms, were also designed by this strategy. © 2016 American Chemical Society

A blockchain-based security system with light cryptography for user authentication security

International audienceNowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) enables the creation of a wide range of new services, including smart cities, agriculture, energy, technology, healthcare, and other security concerns. Safety concerns currently limit the development of this advanced technology. On the other hand, traditional security protocols and existing solutions cannot be used for IoT because most of them cannot guarantee good performance. Furthermore, they are often severely limited in terms of storage, computing power, and performance. The aim of the proposed research is to introduce a secure verification framework for user authentication, with a special focus on the communication between access points and node databases. The main goal is to increase the level of security within the proposed approach, ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the image verification system during the authentication process. To achieve this goal, three phases were implemented. First, a new hybrid biometric pattern is proposed that merges image and password features to enhance the security of user authentication. Second, lightweight Encryption and Blockchain technologies are also utilized to ensure secure communication of patterns between the access point and the node database. Finally, in order to verify authenticity, a new proposed matching process involves comparing image and password features with the database records. The experimental analysis has been carried out in terms of accuracy, False Rejection Rate (FRR), False Acceptance Rate (FAR), and error rate. The proposed approach attained an accuracy of 98%, FAR of 0.1, FRR of 0.992, and an error rate of 0.017