Antiproliferative effect of Tualang honey on oral squamous cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma cell lines

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The treatment of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and human osteosarcoma (HOS) includes surgery and/or radiotherapy which often lead to reduced quality of life. This study was aimed to study the antiproliferative activity of local honey (Tualang) on OSCC and HOS cell lines.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Several concentrations of Tualang honey (1% - 20%) were applied on OSCC and HOS cell lines for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Morphological characteristics were observed under light and fluorescent microscope. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay and the optical density for absorbance values in each experiment was measured at 570 nm by an ELISA reader. Detection of cellular apoptosis was done using the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Morphological appearance showed apoptotic cellular changes like becoming rounded, reduction in cell number, blebbed membrane and apoptotic nuclear changes like nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation and fragmented nucleus on OSCC and HOS cell lines. Cell viability assay showed a time and dose-dependent inhibitory effect of honey on both cell lines. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC_<b>50</b>) for OSCC and HOS cell lines was found to be 4% and 3.5% respectively. The maximum inhibition of cell growth of ≥80% was obtained at 15% for both cell lines. Early apoptosis was evident by flow cytometry where percentage of early apoptotic cells increased in dose and time dependent manner.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Tualang honey showed antiproliferative effect on OSCC and HOS cell lines by inducing early apoptosis.</p

Anthropometric characteristics of study cohort at Visit 1.

<p>Data are means ± SD. <i>p</i>-value:comparison between visits within each group. Maternal blood was obtained following fasting. GA-Gestational age; AA-African American; Cauc-Caucasian; other-Hispanic, Asian.</p><p>Anthropometric characteristics of study cohort at Visit 1.</p

Effect of maternal omega 3 supplementation on inflammatory markers.

<p><b>A. Placenta.</b> Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of total RNA isolated from placenta tissue. <b>B. Maternal white adipose tissue.</b> Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of total RNA isolated from adipose tissue. Data (mean ± SEM) were expressed as copies per ng RNA in placebo vs. ω3-PUFA treated after normalization to β-actin. Total RNA was isolated from placenta and adipose tissue collected at the time of cesarean section from the recruited women. IL8, IL6, TNFα and TLR4 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. IL, interleukin; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-PCR.</p

In vitro effects of dietary fatty acids on TLR4 signaling pathways in placental and adipose cells.

<p><b>A-B. Stimulation of TLR4 mRNA.</b> Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of TLR 4 from total RNA isolated from cultured trophoblast cells (A) or stromal adipose cells (B)from 4–10 obese women. <b>C-D. Stimulation of IL6, IL8 mRNA.</b> Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of IL6 and IL8 from total RNA isolated from cultured trophoblast cells (C) or stromal adipose cells (D)from 4–14 obese women. Cells were stimulated for 24h with 100 ng/ml LPS, PA 500 μM, OA 500 μM, EPA 50 μM and DHA 50 μM. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PA, palmitic acid; IL, interleukin; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; OA, oleate; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-PCR. Data (mean ± SEM) were expressed as fold changes in FA/ω3-PUFA-treated vs. untreated after normalization to β-actin. Statistical significance: * p< 0.05 vs. control; ^¥ p< 0.05 vs. PA-stimulation of IL6; ^§ p< 0.05 vs. PA-stimulation of IL8.</p

Maternal fatty acid profile at visit 1 and visit 2.

<p>Data are means ± SD. <i>p</i>-value:comparison between placebo and ω-3 treated groups at visit 1 and 2.</p><p>ɸ <i>p</i> < 0.005</p><p>NS-not significant.</p><p>Maternal fatty acid profile at visit 1 and visit 2.</p