Food Waste Reduction in Oslo’ Restaurants: an approach toward Sustainability

Mastergradsoppgave i innovasjon, med fordypning i organisasjon og ledelseIn the current era, the climate change and environmental sustainability are the most challenging issues and objectives. For this purpose, the sustainable development is required to combat climate change and to adapt environmental sustainability. So, organizational and businesses innovations for sustainable development can contribute in this battle. There is so much research which has already been done on the organizational innovations for sustainable development but, there is not much literature regarding businesses innovations to achieve sustainability especially in the restaurants businesses for the management and reduction of food wastage. The reduction of food waste in restaurants is very important to contribute to sustainable development in order to overcome climate change and environmental issues because; food waste has diverse negative environmental, social and economical consequences. This thesis aims are to understand and find that, what are the reasons behind the food wastage in the restaurants of Oslo and making strategies and finding out the practices through which the restaurants of Oslo can reduce the food wastage if they implement those strategies and practices. There are ten interviews from ten different restaurants conducted for this thesis. The data collected through the semi-structured interviews provide the insight into the current state of food waste sources and thinking attitudes regarding food waste of the owners and management of the restaurants. Although, all the restaurants implement some kind of practices and processes at a certain level to reduce the food waste in their respective businesses but it varies among the restaurants due to the knowledge and awareness of the owners and top management about the food waste’s impacts on the environment, society and economy. Polishing the professional and managerial abilities of the owners and management of the restaurants and educating them, making legislations and granting funds for food waste management at government level, staff training working in the kitchens in restaurants and making them aware and responsible for environment and society are the main factors that can trigger the processes for food waste reduction in restaurants

The Impact of Green Human Resource Management on Green Recovery Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model

The main idea of this paper is to highlight the importance of environmental sustainability along with importance of implementation of green human resource management practices within an organization. Mediating role of pro environmental behaviors between the relationship of green human resource management and green recovery performance is the focus of study. It also looks at the moderating effect of ethical leadership style to achieve enhanced green recovery performance. The approach used for this study is quantitative and deductive. The researcher collected data through an electronic questionnaire and personally administration from 10 industries selected as per convince from PBD. Hayes process was used to analyze the mediating effect. Two hundred and fifty responses used as a sample for this study. The results confirm the findings of previous\researches conducted in other cultures. It also confirms that pro environmental behavior mediates the relationship of green human resource management and green recovery performance, and the Ethical leadership style (ELP) not moderate the relationship between GHRM and GRP and between GHRM and PEB respectively. This research provides guidelines for the researchers, policy makers, and managers

WTO, Compulsory Export Licences and Indian Patent Law

A 2005 publication of UNAIDS, AIDS in Africa: Three Scenarios to 2025, contains several moving stories about HIV/AIDS in Africa, describing how the AIDS epidemic in Africa could evolve over the next 20 years.2 The scenarios set out to answer one central question: over the next 20 years, what factors will drive Africa’s and the world’s responses to the AIDS epidemic, and what kind of future will there be for the next generation? Amongst the various aspects of the problem, access to and uptake of AIDS treatment is discussed and highlighted throughout the document. The publication highlights how crucial Indian pharmaceutical exports are for the treatment of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa

The pharmacy of the developing world : India, patent law and access to essential medicines

In a critical evaluation of the influence of the TRIPS Agreement 1994 on India's patent regime, this thesis considers whether India can retain its pre-eminent role as the pharmacy of the developing world. Using Amartya Sen's conception of justice, development as freedom and capability approaches as thematic foundation, I have problematised key domestic and international developments in the area of patent law and access to essential medicines. With the help of original case studies, this work provides an in-depth and thorough analysis of major controversies which are currently dominating the global discourse about patents and access to medicines. The patent saga in India highlights the problem of evergreening in patent law; the tensions between the right to health and the right to property; and the role of international law. The next case study -the Pfizer, Natco controversy - highlights the limitations and shortcomings of the World Trade Organization's rules on compulsory licensing for exports. The Indian experience shows that implementation of the Waiver Decision 2003 is extremely cumbersome and India's domestic regulations have also failed to address this problem. The third case study of this thesis deals with the detention of generic drugs in transit and border enforcement measures, and shows that barriers to access to essential medicine are sometimes operating beyond the limits of patent laws and domestic regulations. In addition to calling for a modernisation of Indian patent law, this thesis also considers new models of medical innovation in the Indian context. It maintains that the ongoing debate in India about the regulation of publicly funded research should be fully informed about the consequences of excessive patenting. India should consider adopting open source drug discovery models by facilitating and participating in patent pools. Two alternatives models of medical innovation - the Health Impact Fund and Prizes - are discussed in the Indian context to show how India can maintain its pre-eminence the pharmaceutical manufacturing sector. This study concludes that a number of multilateral and bilateral initiatives mandating TRIPS-Plus standards have the potential to further compromise India's access to a medicines regime. It is argued that the Indian government should resist entering into any TRIPS-Plus trade agreement, which could limit its ability to manufacture cheap and affordable generic drugs. The World Trade Organization should reconsider the mandate of the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health 2001 in the light of domestic experiences to provide a readily available and easy to implement export mechanism. The World Health Organization should take a leadership role in promoting and implementing alternative models of medical innovation. The thesis also recommends that the World Intellectual Property Organization needs to substantively implement its Development Agenda in order to promote access to medicines

FEM Analysis of The Cyclic Behaviour of Steel Beam-to-Column Joints

The construction of a structure undergoes several stages, each of which must be thoroughly thought. In structures that may be subject to seismic actions at some point of their use life, these considerations are especially significant. Joints between steel elements in this type of structures should always be designed, fabricated and erected such that brittle failure is avoided and a ductile mode of failure governs the collapse. Designers must always bear in mind design requirements set by the relevant design standards. In Europe, EN1993 must be observed for the seismic design of structures, with significant reference to EN1993 for the design of steel structures and EN1993-1-8 in particular for the design of steel joints making use of the components method. Nowadays the experimental test is the preferred method between the scientific community to assess the seismic behaviour of steel joints. However, the analysis of the seismic behaviour of beam-to-columns joints at component level directly from the analysis of the results of the experimental test is unfeasible. Accordingly, advanced numerical models must be developed and validated with the experimental tests. In this dissertation advanced FEM based models are developed for the analysis of monotonic and cyclic behaviour of the tension region of beam-to-column steel joints in the framework of the project ?European pre-qualified steel joints (EQUALJOINTS)?, focusing in the behaviour of the column flange in bending.The construction of a structure undergoes several stages, each of which must be thoroughly thought. In structures that may be subject to seismic actions at some point of their use life, these considerations are especially significant. Joints between steel elements in this type of structures should always be designed, fabricated and erected such that brittle failure is avoided and a ductile mode of failure governs the collapse. Designers must always bear in mind design requirements set by the relevant design standards. In Europe, EN1993 must be observed for the seismic design of structures, with significant reference to EN1993 for the design of steel structures and EN1993-1-8 in particular for the design of steel joints making use of the components method. Nowadays the experimental test is the preferred method between the scientific community to assess the seismic behaviour of steel joints. However, the analysis of the seismic behaviour of beam-to-columns joints at component level directly from the analysis of the results of the experimental test is unfeasible. Accordingly, advanced numerical models must be developed and validated with the experimental tests. In this dissertation advanced FEM based models are developed for the analysis of monotonic and cyclic behaviour of the tension region of beam-to-column steel joints in the framework of the project ?European pre-qualified steel joints (EQUALJOINTS)?, focusing in the behaviour of the column flange in bending

2-(Prop-2-en­yl)-1,2-benzisothia­zol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide

In the title compound, C10H9NO3S, the benzisothia­zole group is almost planar (with a maximum deviation of 1.61 Å). The crystal structure is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain of mol­ecules along b

2-[(E)-3-Phenyl­prop-2-en­yl]-1,2-benzisothia­zol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C16H13NO3S, the benzisothia­zole group is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for all non-H atoms excluding the two O atoms bonded to S = 0.009 Å). The dihedral angle between the fused ring and the terminal ring is 13.8 (1)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked through inter­molecular C—H⋯O contacts forming a chain of mol­ecules along b

Investor’s Dilemma: Fundamentals or Biasness in Investment Decision

In the present world Investment decision is most important phenomena. Investment is current sacrifice for future benefits, So while making investment decisions we have to keep different things in mind. Investment decisions are influenced not only by their fundamentals but also depend on different factors. One factor is the biasness of any investor to their investment, biasness depends on the cognition and emotions, because some investors use them as heuristic for the investment decision instead of fundamentals. Keeping this in view, this paper shows how cognitive biasness (i.e. Representativeness, Adjustment and Anchoring, Leniency) effects the investment decisions over the fundamentals. This study also show different types of investors which depicts significant relation of Representativeness, Adjustment and Anchoring, Leniency with investment decisions over fundamentals, and explain under which biasness an investor become more optimistic and moderate for investment decisions. While considering Representativeness biasness over fundamentals investor become more optimistic, In Adjustment and Anchoring biasness investor show moderate behavior about investment decision, and In Leniency biasness investor also take investment decision over optimistically

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ETHANOBOTANICAL USES, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MELIA AZEDARACH LINN.

Medicinal plants, since times immemorial, have been used in virtually all cultures for therapeutic purposes. The widespread use of herbal remedies and healthcare preparations obtained from commonly used traditional herbs and medicinal plants have been traced to the occurrence of natural products with medicinal properties. In the present review, an attempt has been made to collect the botanical, phytochemical, ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and toxicological information on Melia azedarach L. which is used traditionally as an anthelmintic, diuretic, emmenagouge, expectorant, vermifuge, used in piles, used as astringent, used in hysteria, leprosy, and in scrofula. Medicinally it has been shown to possess various pharmacological activities like antifungal, anti-malarial, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-fertility, anthelmintic, antipyretic and cytotoxic activities. The available literature on the M. azedarach L. revealed that this plant contains many phytochemical constituents including alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and rutins. The aim of this article is to review those medicinal and pharmacological properties of M. azedarach which have been or still are being learned. The present review is therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological properties