FEM Analysis of The Cyclic Behaviour of Steel Beam-to-Column Joints

The construction of a structure undergoes several stages, each of which must be thoroughly thought. In structures that may be subject to seismic actions at some point of their use life, these considerations are especially significant. Joints between steel elements in this type of structures should always be designed, fabricated and erected such that brittle failure is avoided and a ductile mode of failure governs the collapse. Designers must always bear in mind design requirements set by the relevant design standards. In Europe, EN1993 must be observed for the seismic design of structures, with significant reference to EN1993 for the design of steel structures and EN1993-1-8 in particular for the design of steel joints making use of the components method. Nowadays the experimental test is the preferred method between the scientific community to assess the seismic behaviour of steel joints. However, the analysis of the seismic behaviour of beam-to-columns joints at component level directly from the analysis of the results of the experimental test is unfeasible. Accordingly, advanced numerical models must be developed and validated with the experimental tests. In this dissertation advanced FEM based models are developed for the analysis of monotonic and cyclic behaviour of the tension region of beam-to-column steel joints in the framework of the project ?European pre-qualified steel joints (EQUALJOINTS)?, focusing in the behaviour of the column flange in bending.The construction of a structure undergoes several stages, each of which must be thoroughly thought. In structures that may be subject to seismic actions at some point of their use life, these considerations are especially significant. Joints between steel elements in this type of structures should always be designed, fabricated and erected such that brittle failure is avoided and a ductile mode of failure governs the collapse. Designers must always bear in mind design requirements set by the relevant design standards. In Europe, EN1993 must be observed for the seismic design of structures, with significant reference to EN1993 for the design of steel structures and EN1993-1-8 in particular for the design of steel joints making use of the components method. Nowadays the experimental test is the preferred method between the scientific community to assess the seismic behaviour of steel joints. However, the analysis of the seismic behaviour of beam-to-columns joints at component level directly from the analysis of the results of the experimental test is unfeasible. Accordingly, advanced numerical models must be developed and validated with the experimental tests. In this dissertation advanced FEM based models are developed for the analysis of monotonic and cyclic behaviour of the tension region of beam-to-column steel joints in the framework of the project ?European pre-qualified steel joints (EQUALJOINTS)?, focusing in the behaviour of the column flange in bending

Insect Pest Complex of Wheat Crop

Wheat Triticum aestivum L. is grown on broad range of climatic conditions because of edible grains, cereal crop and stable food of about 2 Billion peoples worldwide. Additionally, it is the rich source of carbohydrates (55–60%), vegetable proteins and contributed 50–60% daily dietary requirement in Pakistan. Globally, wheat crops is grown over 90% area of total cultivated area; facing devastating biotic and abiotic factors. The estimated economic losses in wheat quantity and quality are about 4 thousands per tonne per year including physical crop losses and handling. Economic losses of about 80–90 million USD in Pakistan are recorded due to inadequate production and handling losses. Wheat agro-ecosystem of the world colonizes many herbivore insects which are abundant and causing significant losses. The feeding style of the insects made them dispersive from one habitat to another imposing significant crop loss. Areas of maximum wheat production are encountered with either insect which chew the vegetative as well as reproductive part or stem and root feeders. This chapter provides the pest’s taxonomic rank, distribution across the globe, biology and damage of chewing and sucking insect pest of wheat. It is very important to study biology of the pest in accordance with crop cycle to forecast which insect stage is economically important, what the proper time to manage pest is and what type of control is necessary to manage crop pest. The chapter will provide management strategies well suited to pest stage and environment

Análise do comportamento cíclico de ligações metálicas viga-pilar pelo MEF

Dissertação de Mestrado em Construção Metálica e Mista apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaA análise e dimensionamento de estruturas metálicas devem considerar todos os tipos de ações que esta possa ser submetida ao longo do seu período de vida útil. A ação sísmica é uma ação particularmente severa que tem que ser cuidadosamente considerada. Neste cenário, as ligações viga-pilar de estruturas metálicas devem ser dimensionadas de forma a evitar modos de rotura frágeis. Para este efeito, o dimensionamento das ligações viga-pilar de estruturas metálicas deve ser levado a cabo seguindo as prescrições da EN 1998, EN 1993 e da EN 1993-1-8 em particular, fazendo do método das componentes.A análise experimental é o método tradicionalmente usado pela comunidade científica para avaliar o comportamento cíclico de ligações viga-pilar metálicas. No entanto, a caracterização do comportamento cíclico das ligações metálicas ao nível das componentes diretamente a partir dos resultados experimentais não é viável. Desta forma, são necessários modelos numéricos avançados desenvolvidos e validados com base em ensaios experimentais.Nesta dissertação são desenvolvidos modelos com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos para avaliar o comportamento monotónico e cíclico das zonas tracionadas de ligações viga-pilar metálicas, focando esta análise no comportamento da componente banzo dos pilar em flexão. Este trabalho enquadra-se no âmbito do projeto EQUALJOINTS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................The construction of a structure undergoes several stages, each of which must be thoroughly thought. In structures that may be subject to seismic actions at some point of their use life, these considerations are especially significant. Joints between steel elements in this type of structures should always be designed, fabricated and erected such that brittle failure is avoided and a ductile mode of failure governs the collapse. Designers must always bear in mind design requirements set by the relevant design standards. In Europe, EN1998 must be observed for the seismic design of structures, with significant reference to EN1993 for the design of steel structures and EN1993-1-8 in particular for the design of steel joints making use of the components method.Nowadays the experimental test is the preferred method between the scientific community to assess the seismic behavior of steel joints. However, the analysis of the seismic behavior of beam-to-columns joints at component level directly from the analysis of the results of the experimental test is unfeasible. Accordingly, advanced numerical models must be developed and validated with the experimental tests. The aim of this dissertation is to develop advanced FEM based models for the simulation of cyclic tests of T-Stub of steel beam-to-column joints tested in the scope of “European pre-qualified steel joints (EQUALJOINTS) Grant agreement no. RFSR-CT-2013-00021” project. These models will allow to extract and characterize the cyclic behaviour of the components of the join

اکبرؔو اقبالؔ کے طنزیہ اور مزاحیہ تصورات

"Akbar Ilah Abadi and Allama Muhammad Iqbal were reputed classical Urdu poets of the sub-continent. They belong to the same era. Akbar's style of poetry is humorous and sarcastic whereas Iqbal has his own specific serious style. In spite of contrast in their style of expressions, both have common point of view about the different values of life. Underneath the wave of humour, Irony and witticism, we find pain in their poetry. They criticised aggressively prevailing Western values and vanishing Eastern values. The main domains of their humour and irony are religion, modern education, politics, Western civilization and culture. Their sense of humour and sarcasm really awoke the Muslims of sub-continent from the deep sleep"

ڈپٹی نذیر احمد کے اسم بامسمیٰ کردار

Molvi Nazeer Ahmed is one of the greatest Urdu Novelists. He was considered as a first Urdu Novelist. His novels bear mostly the themes of troubles, ignorance and unawareness prevailing in his era. He was anxious about education of Muslim women and their lot in general; their ignorance and other problems. He gave the idea of a prefect woman being a practical and well-educated and presented them as guides for juvenile girls. His unmatchable novel, Mirat-ul-Uroos (The bride's mirror) comprises such subjects that endorse the foundation of female literacy in Muslim and Indian society, and is recognized for giving birth to an entire genre of fictional works encouraging female education in Urdu. It was his art of characterization that placed his novels in front line of Urdu Novels. Most of his characters are charactonym that means giving the name of a fictional character in such a way that the given name itself reveals the personality of a character. The present study critically analyzes his adaption of technique of charactonym in his novels. Being a social and religious reformer, he used this technique to get the purpose of reformation. By presenting the personal and internal life of a character, he depicts the true picture of human nature

Experimental investigations on inelastic behaviour and modified Gerber joint for double-span steel trapezoidal sheeting

Cold-formed steel trapezoidal profiles provide efficient solutions for roofing and often use the Gerber joint to effectively utilize capacities. The previous design of Gerber joint was sensitive to uneven distribution of loads and accidental loads, which imposed bending moments in the joint and lead to its failure. In this experimental program, the design of Gerber joint has been modified to work as a hinge under service loads and carry moments in accidental conditions. Also, the design of CFS is based on elastic methods that underestimate their capacity, especially for multi-span systems. Full-scale tests were conducted on highly stiffened double-span trapezoidal sheeting profiles with modified Gerber joint to investigate elastic capacity, inelastic behaviour, moment redistribution in the post-elastic phase, ultimate load capacity and feasibility of modified Gerber joint. Comparison of elastic load capacity with EWM and DSM predictions revealed that EWM design predictions were conservative by 30% while DSM predictions were accurate. For multi-span application, residual moment capacity ratios of 0.76 and 0.81 in the post-elastic phase allowed for moment redistribution and increased ultimate load capacity by 7.14% and 8.80% for 0.85 mm and 1 mm thick profiles respectively. Performance of modified Gerber joint to behave as a hinge under service loads and as continuous in the post-elastic phase was also found to be satisfactory. The study concluded that the economy in design and capacity utilization of multi-span CFS profiles can be improved by allowing for moment redistribution and using the modified Gerber joint

A Hybrid Multimodal Emotion Recognition Framework for UX Evaluation Using Generalized Mixture Functions

Multimodal emotion recognition has gained much traction in the field of affective computing, human–computer interaction (HCI), artificial intelligence (AI), and user experience (UX). There is growing demand to automate analysis of user emotion towards HCI, AI, and UX evaluation applications for providing affective services. Emotions are increasingly being used, obtained through the videos, audio, text or physiological signals. This has led to process emotions from multiple modalities, usually combined through ensemble-based systems with static weights. Due to numerous limitations like missing modality data, inter-class variations, and intra-class similarities, an effective weighting scheme is thus required to improve the aforementioned discrimination between modalities. This article takes into account the importance of difference between multiple modalities and assigns dynamic weights to them by adapting a more efficient combination process with the application of generalized mixture (GM) functions. Therefore, we present a hybrid multimodal emotion recognition (H-MMER) framework using multi-view learning approach for unimodal emotion recognition and introducing multimodal feature fusion level, and decision level fusion using GM functions. In an experimental study, we evaluated the ability of our proposed framework to model a set of four different emotional states (Happiness, Neutral, Sadness, and Anger) and found that most of them can be modeled well with significantly high accuracy using GM functions. The experiment shows that the proposed framework can model emotional states with an average accuracy of 98.19% and indicates significant gain in terms of performance in contrast to traditional approaches. The overall evaluation results indicate that we can identify emotional states with high accuracy and increase the robustness of an emotion classification system required for UX measurement