Identification of metallothionein gene structure in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)

Aquatic organisms present, not only simple sources of accumulated metal, but can interact with metals, altering their toxicity. Due to exposition of biosphere with metals, organisms have developed various defense mechanisms to protect themselves against adverse effects of these ions and their compounds. Metallothionein (MT) is one of that which represents a critical mechanism for detoxification of metals. The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is a bottom feeding sturgeon species and because the fish are dependent on invertebrate species for food throughout their life cycle, the sterlet could be a good indicator of the quality of the state of water ecosystem. Addition of copper to water leads to the induction of MT. The present study analyzed MTgene primary structure that was excreted from the liver of sterlet exposed to sub-lethal copper concentrations (0.075 mgL^-1 ). At the beginning to identify the molecular structure of Metallothionein of sterlet, a cDNA encoding MT was purified from livers of sterlet, and the MTgene was amplified. The primary structure of sterlet metallothionein (S-MT) contained 20 cysteine residues, which is the same as MTs of teleost fishes. Although, the primary structure of S-MT contained 63 amino acids, which is longer than any MT identified in teleost fishes but similar to the structure of MT gene in lake sturgeon and white sturgeon. The complete nucleotide sequence of the S-MTgene has been detected. We have determined the structure of the fish copper-binding protein by DNA sequence analysis of the gene

Cost-effectiveness analysis of trastuzumab in the adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has shown a significant survival advantage of trastuzumab. Although extant work in developed countries examined economic evaluation of trastuzumab in adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer based on the 1-year treatment, there is uncertainty about cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab in the Adjuvant Treatment of early breast cancer in developing countries. This study aimed to estimate cost-effectiveness of adjuvant trastuzumab therapy compared to AC-T regimen in early breast cancer in Iran. METHODS: A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using a Markov model to estimate outcomes and costs over a 20-year time period using a cohort of women with HER2 positive early breast cancer, treated with or without 12 months trastuzumab adjuvant chemotherapy. Transition probabilities were derived mainly from the BCIRG006 trial. Costs were estimated from the perspective of the Iranian health care system. Both costs and outcomes were discounted by 3. One-way sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the associated uncertainties in the expected output measures. RESULTS: On the basis of BCIRG006 trial, our model showed that adjuvant trastuzumab treatment in early breast cancer, yield 0.87 quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) compared with AC-T regimen. Adjuvant trastuzumab treatment yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US 51302 per QALY. CONCLUSION: By using threshold of 3 times GDP per capita, as per World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation, 12 months trastuzumab adjuvant chemotherapy is not a cost-effective therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer in Iran

Family medicine in Iran: facing the health system challenges

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to understand the perspectives of policy makers and decision makers of Iran's health system about the implementation of family medicine in Iran urban areas. MATERIALS/PATIENTS & METHODS: This study is a qualitative study with framework analysis. Purposive semi-structured interviews were conducted with Policy and decision makers in the five main organizations of Iran health care system. The codes were extracted using inductive and deductive methods. RESULTS: According to 27 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Policy and decision makers, three main themes and 8 subthemes extracted, including: The development of referral system, better access to health care and the management of chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: Family medicine is a viable means for a series of crucial reforms in the face of the current challenges of health system. Implementation of family medicine can strengthen the PHC model in Iran urban areas. Attempting to create a general consensus among various stakeholders is essential for effective implementation of the project. BACKGROUND: In response to the current fragmented context of health systems, it is essential to support the revitalization of primary health care in order to provide a stronger sense of direction and integrity. Around the world, family medicine recognized as a core discipline for strengthening primary health care setting

Perancangan dan Implementasi Sistem Otomatisasi Pemeliharaan Tanaman Hidroponik

Nowadays automatitation is become a trend, even though people still using manual ways to do agriculture, especially in hydroponics plantation. By using this device, people don't have to do watering and maturing hydroponics plants again, because the system will do it automatically

Economic evaluation of End Stage Renal Disease treatments in Iran

Background: End-stage Renal Disease is considered a health problem due to the high prevalence and economic burden on society and the health system. This study utilizes a cost-utility analysis to evaluate the costs and outcomes of the Iranian End Stage Renal Disease patients. Methods: A Markov model-based economic evaluation with a societal perspective, and a lifetime horizon performed to quantify the costs and health-related outcomes in terms of QALY. Direct medical costs obtained from hospital billing and medical records and direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs derived from interviews with patients. Three policy options, the hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation were compared. Most of the Transplants from deceased and rest were from Live Related Donors. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to study uncertainty. Results: Annual average cost of hemodialysis is 13477 cost of peritoneal dialysis is 12865, and cost of Transplantation is 16450.The Transplantation arm gained 9.43 QALY compared with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis with 6.95 and 6.04 QALY respectively. When Transplantation was compared with peritoneal dialysis, Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio was 1744 per QALY. ICER value suggests that Transplantation is cost-effective compared with peritoneal dialysis at a willingness-to-pay threshold of 12,400, and hemodialysis was dominated. Conclusion: This study suggests that kidney transplantation is a better option over hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. We conclude that serious efforts ought to be made to foster potential brain-dead donors and altruistic kidney donation and promote peritoneal dialysis as a superior alternative to hemodialysis for eligible patients. © 2019 INDIACLE

ETNISITAS DAN KEARIFAN LOKAL: PENERAPAN NILAI-NILAI BUDAYA SUNDA DALAM PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER GENERASI MILENIAL

Fenomena degradasi etika dan moral sudah menjadi pembahasan dan keluhan setiap masyarakat. Nilai-nilai kesantunan yang menjadi inti seorang manusia seakan terpinggirkan oleh hegemoni perkembangan ipteks. Tidak ada yang salah dengan perkembangan ipteks, tetapi masyarakat seakan belum siap menerima gempuran budaya-budaya baru dan latah mengadopsinya. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui tingkat penerapan nilai-nilai Sunda dalam interaksi masyarakat sehari-hari. Selain itu, mengukur kepedulian masyarakat dalam mentransferkan nilai-nilai Sunda kepada generasi muda. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Data-data didapat menggunakan google form yang diisi oleh 117 responden. Data tersebut diisi oleh mayoritas responden rentang usia 19-21 tahun, sisanya adalah responden berusia 25-50 tahun. Data menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden masih menerapkan nilai-nilai Sunda dalam keseharian dan tidak merasa gengsi. Data juga menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas dari responden ikut bagian dalam mentransferkan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal tersebut, minimalnya adalah nilai kesopanan yang secara teknis dilakukan dalam kebutuhan interaksi. Misalnya dalam bertutur kata baik kepada orang yang lebih tua, berterima kasih, dan mengucap permisi ketika bermasyarakat. Hal tersebut jika diajarkan dan dibiasakan di setiap lapisan masyarakat maka akan membentuk karakter kebangsaan yang harmonis. Karakter kebangsaan menjadi modal utama dan bernilai jika dimiliki oleh individu. Memiliki hal tersebut akan menjadi daya beda dirinya dengan orang lain dan menjadi identitas khas. Masih terdapat masyarakat yang peduli dengan pelestarian nilai-nilai kearifan lokal, hanya ditransfer dengan cara berbeda. Hal tersebut disebabkan karakter masyarakat juga telah bergeser karena berbagai macam perkembangan zaman