The Role of the Western Front During the BSU\u27s Fight for Black Power and Liberation in 1968-1975

The recent racially and sexually charged threats that were made in Fall 2015 toward a specific Black woman leader on Western’s campus, and Black students at large, were not isolated events for our University. The current campus climate of whiteness and exclusivity at Western has been maintained through the history of marginalization of Black individuals on this campus. Through conducting archival research on the history of student activism that occurred through Western’s Black Student Union, my research revealed that our student publication failed to accurately represent the BSU and was counterproductive in trying to promote racial justice on Western’s campus during 1968-1975. The Western Front did not play a role in helping Black students, organizing through the BSU, fight for Black power and liberation between 1968-1975, in Bellingham, Washington. Instead, I claim that the Western Front’s marginalization of Black voices and any content related to the Black identity, fragmented representation of what the Black Student Union was, and the Administration’s lack of transparency of the critical needs of Black students within the paper, fostered a campus climate of exclusivity and whiteness. The demands made by Black students in the 1960s for increased Black representation at Western, have still been unmet today. I conclude that the role the Western Front had during this time period is similar to the way the student publication is utilized by Administration today. Particularly, the way that the Western Front depicted the issue surrounding the Ethnic Student Center renovation was similar to way issues Black students were facing during 1968-1975 were deceived and decentralized in the student-run paper. My findings suggest that the Western Front does not play the role of uplifting the accurate narratives of marginalized peoples

Situational analysis of the sanitation and hygiene programme implementation in Ethiopia

Sanitation and Hygiene promotion programs play vital role in reducing diarrheal diseases. Ethiopia has one of the lowest water and sanitation services coverage. A cross sectional survey to assess the existing Sanitation and Hygiene practices in Ethiopia was conducted from June – October 2007. Relevant sector ministries, agencies, initiatives and NGOs were contacted. Books, Journals, workshop proceedings and reports and online materials were used as a source of data. The study revealed that Ethiopia has sound policies and strategies for S&H, while access to service is still low. Sector gaps and duplications are evident, but the recent platforms and modalities are encouraging. Sanitation gets minimal attention in WASH. The allocation of resources is still inadequate and the training and allocation of professionals in Environmental Sanitation doesn’t meet national demands. An urgent response to problems in the area of training, organization, resource flows and technology choice is suggested if the country has to meet its Universal Access Plan

Access to Land and Tenure Security in Ethiopia’s Ethnic-Based Administration System

 Ethiopia follows a federal state administrative structure. Regional states are organized on ethnic basis. The country has over 85 ethnic groups and languages, but only majority ethnic groups, with few exceptions, have their own standalone regional states.The Constitution of the country categorizes land as a public property and gives land administration responsibilities to regional states. Although the Constitution confirms land access right to all citizens, regional states’ constitutions and land laws put restrictions to prioritize residents.  The paper aims at revealing some of the linkage between ethnic-based federalism and its impact on access to land and tenure security. By gathering and analyzing evidence from literatures and land experts, the paper provides with important recommendations for the way forward helping to improve access to land and tenure security for all.Initiate literature review and observation of the dynamics in access to land and tenure security led to a quick survey among land experts. About 25 experts who have knowledge and experience in the country’s land administration system responded to survey questions.  After data was collected and compiled, a simple descriptive statistics method was used to analyze and generate understandable, tangible, and acceptable results.Findings from the survey indicated that regional and local authorities’ unfair treatment towards people coming outside of regional states discourages investment and provokes conflict. The country experienced hundreds of conflicts since ethnic-based federalism was introduced in 1991. In addition to ethnic categorization, the conflicts have their root in landholding arrangements.Although there are major steps being taken in reforming the macroeconomy including privatizing government owned enterprises like telecom, it is not yet clear if the government will continue to reform the land tenure system and ethnic-based federalism. Respondents in the survey indicated that the current land tenure and governance systems need changes allowing free movement of citizens, encouraging investment, prevailing peace, and improving access to land and tenure security.

THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL DECISIONS WITHIN THE WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM: POLITICAL NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN ADJUDICATION

It is traditionally contended that politics and law are two separate domains of international relations among the main actors, states. As opposed to this thinking, international relations of the twenty-first century have been characterized by the continuing interaction of law and politics. As the main actors and participants in international law, states played and still play significant roles in this development. The growing sense of nationalism within states and the concomitant consequence of prioritizing their respective national interests led to the use, by these states, of international law as an instrument of justification.  When international law is used this way, politics, and law inevitably confluence to serve the interests of those states with strong national objectives that they seek to achieve in any way possible. International trade has become very essential in international relations more than ever while it at the same time is affected by the political decisions of states at different levels. When the World Trade Organization was established (January 1, 1995), its first aim was to institutionalize the international trade relation among states so that more trade liberalization and integration would be achieved. It has been doing a remarkable job in working towards a more integrated world through its laws, systems, and institutions. The WTO Dispute Settlement System, with its establishing agreement (Dispute Settlement Understanding) and adjudicating bodies, is such a crucial system of the WTO with a good reputation in the past two decades. It has a complex procedure consisting of both political negotiation and adjudication in the judicial process. This paper limits itself to examining how political decisions by Member states within the WTO affect the WTO dispute settlement system’s progress to ‘judicialization’ of its adjudication process

Awareness of antenatal care clients on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV infection and its prevention in Arba Minch

This study was done on pregnant mothers attending the antenatal care in Arba Minch Hospital and Arba Minch Health Centre from June15-Aug 30, 2003. Four hundred and eighty four mothers were interviewed at the antenatal clinics. The majority of the mothers (97%) were married. The risk of transmission of HIV, perinatally and through breastfeeding is well known to most mothers. However, the use of ARV prophylaxis was not known to 386(80%) of the mothers. During interview 444(92.3%) of the mothers did not know their HIV serostatus and, 360(74.4%) of all the mothers interviewed volunteered for HIV test. The results of this study indicate the need to integrate voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) in antenatal programmes and the need of educating mothers on the role of ARV prophylaxis in PMTCT.The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 20(1) 2006: 55-5

Factors Affecting Unmet Need for Family Planning in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: High fertility and low contraceptive prevalence characterize Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region. In such populations, unmet needs for contraception have a tendency to be high, mainly due to the effect of socio-economic and demographic variables. However, there has not been any study examining the relationship between these variables and unmet need in the region. This study, therefore, identifies the key socio- demographic determinants of unmet need for family planning in the region. METHODS: The study used data from the 2000 and 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. A total of 2,133 currently married women age 15-49 from the 2000 survey and 1,988 from the 2005 survey were included in the study. Unmet need for spacing, unmet need for limiting and total unmet need were used as dependent variables. Socio- demographic variables (respondent’s age, age at marriage, number of living children, sex composition of living children, child mortality experience, place of residence, respondent’s and partner’s education, religion and work status) were treated as explanatory variables and their relative importance was examined on each of the dependent variables using multinomial and binary logistic regression models. RESULTS: Unmet need for contraception increased from 35.1% in 2000 to 37.4% in 2005. Unmet need for spacing remained constant at about 25%, while unmet need for limiting increased by 20% between 2000 and 2005. Age, age at marriage, number of living children, place of residence, respondent’s education, knowledge of family planning, respondent’s work status, being visited by a family planning worker and survey year emerged as significant factors affecting unmet need. On the other hand, number of living children, education, age and age at marriage were the only explanatory variables affecting unmet need for limiting. Number of living children, place of residence, age and age at marriage were also identified as factors affecting total unmet need for contraception. CONCLUSION: unmet need for spacing is more prevalent than unmet need for limiting. Women with unmet need for both spacing and limiting are more likely to be living in rural areas, have lower level of education, lower level of knowledge about family planning methods, have no work other than household chores, and have never been visited by a family planning worker. In order to address unmet need for family planning in the region, policy should set mechanisms to enforce the law on minimum age for marriage, improve child survival and increase educational access to females. In addition, the policy should promote awareness creation about family planning in rural areas. KEYWORDS: Contraceptive use, Family Planning, Fertility, Unmet Need, spacing, limitin

Assessment of the effect of effluent discharge from coffee refineries on the quality of river water in Southwestern Ethiopia

The ecohydrological quality of water resource of Ethiopia is declining at an alarming rate, resulting in severe environmental degradation. This study finds out the effects of effluent discharge from intensive coffee refineries on river water quality based on physicochemical parameters and benthos assemblages as biological indicators. The experiment was done using complete randomized design (CRD) with three composite replicates in each refinery and on 24 river water sampling sites selected from four rivers in Limu Kosa District. A total of 72 water samples were collected from six sites: (upstream site (UPS), influent (INF), effluent (EFF), entry point (ENP), downstream one (DS1) and downstream two (DS2) in four rivers. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using statistical analysis software (SAS). Spearman’s median rank correlation among physicochemical and benthos assemblages as biological indicators of ecohydrological river water quality was characterized. Results reveal that there is a highly negatively significant difference in effect between the four rivers and 24 sites at p<0.05 and 0.01. The benthos assemblage communities of DS2 and UPS of the ecohydrological rivers were more influenced by the effluents. Quality of DS2 was more adversely affected compared to UPS. The alteration in river water quality parameters was more pronounced during the peak of coffee refineries. The impact of private refineries on receiving water was more significant than that of government refineries. Therefore, urgent attention should be given to the coffee refinery for effluent management options to avoid further damage to the ecohydrological river water quality using well-designed treatment technologies.Keywords: Biological indicators, benthos, ecohydrolological integrity, upstream downstrea

PENGARUH STORE ATMOSPHERE TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN (Studi Pada Konsumen Roemah Kopi Bandung)

Persaingan bisnis dibidang coffee shop saat ini mengharuskan pemilik coffee shop untuk menciptakan keunggulan-keunggulan yang dapat bersaing dan mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian konsumennya. Keunggulan yang dapat diciptakan pemilik coffee shop adalah dengan menciptakan dan meningkatkan store atmosphere dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh store atmosphere yang terdiri dari exterior, general interior, store layout dan interior (point-of-purchase) display terhadap keputusan pembelian konsumen di Roemah Kopi Bandung. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif dan kausal. Jenis data menggunakan data primer dan sekunder, sedangkan teknik yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data adalah wawancara, kuesioner dan studi kepustakaan. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode non-probability sampling jenis incidental sampling dengan responden sebanyak 100 orang. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa store atmosphere dan keputusan pembelian konsumen di Roemah Kopi berada pada kategori baik. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis secara simultan, store atmosphere berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian konsumen. Besarnya pengaruh store atmosphere terhadap keputusan pembelian adalah sebesar 65,1% dan sisanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain seperti faktor kualitas produk dan harga yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan uji hipotesis secara parsial didapat sub variabel exterior, store layout dan interior (point-of-purchase) display berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian konsumen, sedangkan sub variabel general interior tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian konsumen pada Roemah Kopi Bandung. Store layout memiliki pengaruh terbesar diikuti interior (point-of-purchase) display dan exterior. Sedangkan sub variabel general interior memiliki pengaruh paling kecil dan tidak signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian konsumen

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE GROUP INVESTIGATION (GI) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN GAMBAR TEKNIK KELAS X TEKNIK PERMESINAN SMK N 2 MEDAN T.A 2019/2020

Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah rendahnya hasil belajar pada kompetensi Gambar Teknik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan aktivitas dan hasil belajar menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe GI mata pelajaran Gambar Teknik pada kompetensi dasar menggambar kontruksi geometris dan proyeksi gambar teknik di kelas X Teknik Permesinan SMK N 2 Medan T.A 2019/2020. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kelas X Teknik Permesinan SMK N 2 Medan T.A 2019/2020, yang berjumlah 33 siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (Classroom Action Research) menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Group Investigation (GI). Objek penelitian ini adalah proses belajar mengajar pada materi Gambar Teknik. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan post test dan lembar pengamatan siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa meningkat. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data hasil belajar siklus I diperoleh 19 siswa (57,57%) telah mencapai ketuntasan belajar dan 14 siswa (42,43%) lainnya belum tuntas. Nilai rata-rata kelas 65,151 dengan tingkat ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 57,57%. Pada siklus II yang merupakan perbaikan pembelajaran yang telah diberikan pada siklus I, dari hasil tes belajar diperoleh 28 siswa (84,85%) telah mencapai ketuntasan belajar dan 5 siswa (15,15%) lainnya belum tuntas. Nilai rata-rata kelas meningkat menjadi 82,27 dengan tingkat ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 84,85%. Dengan kata lain ada peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dari posttest siklus I ke posttest siklus II. Dikarenakan kelas telah mengalami peningkatan hasil belajar dan telah dinyatakan tuntas secara klasikal, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Group Investigation (GI) dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas X pada kompetensi dasar menggambar kontruksi geometris dan proyeksi gambar teknik

Analysis of heavy metal content and microbiological quality of fish and giant prawns chatch in Percut Watershed, Percut Sei Tuan District, Province of North Sumatra

The purpose of this research was to determine the content of heavy metals and microbiological quality, and compare to the requirements of the quality standard values according to SNI 2729:2013 and SNI 2705:2014, as well as to determine the value of the Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) and the maximum consumption limit of fish and giant prawns heavy metal-concentrated. This researh used survey and random sampling methods, i.e  taking research samples (tilapia, broom fish, and giant prawns) at 3 (three) observation stations, including Station 1 Amplas, Station 2 Denai, and Station 3 Percut. Heavy metal content (Pb and Cd) and microbiological quality (E.coli and Salmonella, sp) were analysed. Data analysis was done by inference and calculated using Microsoft office Excel (Microsoft Inc., USA) descriptively. The results showed that all samples in each observation did not meet the quality standard value requirements according to SNI 2729:2013 and SNI 2705:2014. The average heavy metal content of Lead (Pb) was 0,3 mg/kg in tilapia and broom fish, and 0,5 mg/kg in giant prawns. The content of heavy metal Cadmium (Cd), were 0,1 mg/kg in tilapia and broom fish, and 0,5 mg/kg in giant prawns. All samples also showed positive in containing E.coli and Salmonella, sp. The value of Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in all samples was 1, meaning that the sample's ability to accumulate heavy metals (Pb and Cd) was high. The maximum limit for consumption of concentrated samples of heavy metals in tilapia was 0,196 kg/week, broom fish was 0,221 kg/week, and giant prawns was 0,203 kg/week