An Entropy-based Assessment of the Unicode Encoding for Tibetan

This paper presents an analysis of the Unicode encoding scheme for Tibetan from the standpoint of morpheme entropy. We can speak of two levels of entropy in Tibetan: syllable entropy (a measure of the probability of the sequential occurrence of syllables), and morpheme entropy (a measure of the probability of the sequential occurrence of characters or morphemes), the latter being a measure of the redundancy of the language. Syllable entropy is a purely statistical calculation that is a function of the domain of the literature sampled, while morpheme entropy, we show, is relatively domain independent given a statistically significant sample. Morpheme entropy can be calculated statistically, though a theoretical upper bound can also be postulated based on language dependent morphology rules. This paper presents both theoretical and statistical estimates of the morpheme entropy for Tibetan, and explores the Tibetan Unicode encoding scheme in relation to data compression, and other issues analyzed in light of entropy-based language modeling

Determination of wind tunnel constraint effects by a unified pressure signature method. Part 1: Applications to winged configurations

A new, fast, non-iterative version of the "Wall Pressure Signature Method" is described and used to determine blockage and angle-of-attack wind tunnel corrections for highly-powered jet-flap models. The correction method is complemented by the application of tangential blowing at the tunnel floor to suppress flow breakdown there, using feedback from measured floor pressures. This tangential blowing technique was substantiated by subsequent flow investigations using an LV. The basic tests on an unswept, knee-blown, jet flapped wing were supplemented to include the effects of slat-removal, sweep and the addition of unflapped tips. C sub mu values were varied from 0 to 10 free-air C sub l's in excess of 18 were measured in some cases. Application of the new methods yielded corrected data which agreed with corresponding large tunnel "free air" resuls to within the limits of experimental accuracy in almost all cases. A program listing is provided, with sample cases

An Entropy-based Assessment of the Unicode Encoding for Tibetan

This paper presents an analysis of the Unicode encoding scheme for Tibetan from the standpoint of morpheme entropy. We can speak of two levels of entropy in Tibetan: syllable entropy (a measure of the probability of the sequential occurrence of syllables), and morpheme entropy (a measure of the probability of the sequential occurrence of characters or morphemes), the latter being a measure of the redundancy of the language. Syllable entropy is a purely statistical calculation that is a function of the domain of the literature sampled, while morpheme entropy, we show, is relatively domain independent given a statistically significant sample. Morpheme entropy can be calculated statistically, though a theoretical upper bound can also be postulated based on language dependent morphology rules. This paper presents both theoretical and statistical estimates of the morpheme entropy for Tibetan, and explores the Tibetan Unicode encoding scheme in relation to data compression, and other issues analyzed in light of entropy-based language modeling

The Use of yig-cha and chos-kyi-rnam-grangs in Computing Lexical Cohesion for Tibetan Topic Boundary Detection

To properly implement a simple Tibetan Information Retrieval (IR) system segmentation of one form or another (n-gram, POS-tagging, dictionary substring matching, etc.) must be performed (see Hackett (2000b)). To take Tibetan indexing to a more sophisticated level however, some form of topic detection must be employed. This paper reports the results of a pilot study on the application to Tibetan of one technique for topic boundary detection: Lexical Cohesion. The resources developed and deployed, the theoretical model used, and its potential applications are discussed

Determination of wind tunnel constraint effects by a unified pressure signature method. Part 2: Application to jet-in-crossflow

The development of an improved jet-in-crossflow model for estimating wind tunnel blockage and angle-of-attack interference is described. Experiments showed that the simpler existing models fall seriously short of representing far-field flows properly. A new, vortex-source-doublet (VSD) model was therefore developed which employs curved trajectories and experimentally-based singularity strengths. The new model is consistent with existing and new experimental data and it predicts tunnel wall (i.e. far-field) pressures properly. It is implemented as a preprocessor to the wall-pressure-signature-based tunnel interference predictor. The supporting experiments and theoretical studies revealed some new results. Comparative flow field measurements with 1-inch "free-air" and 3-inch impinging jets showed that vortex penetration into the flow, in diameters, was almost unaltered until 'hard' impingement occurred. In modeling impinging cases, a 'plume redirection' term was introduced which is apparently absent in previous models. The effects of this term were found to be very significant

Developing a service user informed intervention to improve participation and ability to perform daily activities in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a mixed-methods study protocol

Introduction: A significant proportion of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (PSS) is functionally impaired and experience difficulties participating in various aspects of everyday life. There is currently no evidence of efficacy for non-pharmacological interventions aimed specifically at supporting the patients with PSS to improve their participation and ability to perform daily activities. This paper describes a research protocol for a mixed-methods study to develop an intervention to improve these outcomes. The protocol follows the Medical Research Council framework for complex interventions. Methods and analysis: We will use group concept mapping with the patients, adults who live with them and healthcare professionals to identify factors which prevent people with PSS from participating in daily life and performing daily activities. The factors will be prioritised by participants for importance and feasibility and will inform an intervention to be delivered within a National Health Service (NHS) setting. Evidence-based intervention techniques will be identified for the prioritised factors and combined into a deliverable intervention package. Key stakeholders will comment on the intervention content and mode of delivery through focus groups, and the data will be used to refine the intervention. The acceptability and feasibility of the refined intervention will be evaluated in a future study. Ethics and dissemination: The study has been approved by an NHS Research Ethics Committee, REC Reference: 13/NI/0190. The findings of this study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and through presentation at national and international conferences. Trial registration number: UKCRN Study ID: 15939

Document Translation for Cross-Language Text Retrieval at the University of Maryland

The University of Maryland participated in three TREC-6 tasks: ad hoc retrieval, cross-language retrieval, and spoken document retrieval. The principal focus of the work was evaluation of a cross-language text retrieval technique based on fully automatic machine translation. The results show that approaches based on document translation can be approximately as effective as approaches based on query translation, but that additional work will be needed to develop a solid basis for choosing between the two in specific applications. Ad hoc and spoken document retrieval results are also presented

Rainbow universe

The formalism of rainbow gravity is studied in a cosmological setting. We consider the very early universe which is radiation dominated. A novel treatment in our paper is to look for an ``averaged'' cosmological metric probed by radiation particles themselves. Taking their cosmological evolution into account, we derive the modified Friedmann-Robertson-Walker(FRW) equations which is a generalization of the solution presented by Magueijo and Smolin. Based on this phenomenological cosmological model we argue that the spacetime curvature has an upper bound such that the cosmological singularity is absent. These modified $FRW$ equations can be treated as effective equations in the semi-classical framework of quantum gravity and its analogy with the one recently proposed in loop quantum cosmology is also discussed.Comment: 5 page