The Role of Local Customs in Sustainable Use of Forest Resources in Andode Dicho Area, Western Ethiopia: An Ethnographic Account

The aim of this paper is to explore and describe the role of customary institutions in forest management among the Andode Dicho area Oromosbefore its dismantlement as a result of stiff competitions with spontaneoussettlers in the area. The research was conducted by using qualitative  research method. It employed focus group discussion in-depth interview and observation to collect primary data. A total of 15 focus groups were organized and 25 different individuals were interviewed as key informants. Before the permanent movement of Oromos from nearby highland areas and arrival of Amhara self motivated settlers to Andode Dicho area, the nearby Oromo society was managing Andode Dicho forest resources by using different customary institutions. They were also using the forest as sources of different economic and social purposes like forest honey, edible plants and animals, medicinal plants, pepper and cotton productions. But the 1980s permanent settlement of the Oromo and 1990s migration of self-motivated Amaharas to the area instigated high competition on the forest resource which gradually dismantled the local institutions that used to manage forest. Customary institutions did play some role in managing forest resources in the study area. But due to unplanned and/or self motivated migration both the forest resources and the governing customary institutions were destroyed

The effect of salinity on water use efficiency of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.

Egyptian Journal of Biology Vol.2 2000: 1-

Level of asthma control and risk factors for poor asthma control among clinic patients seen at a Referral Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract Objective Uncontrolled asthma negatively impacts patients, families, and the community. The level of symptom control among asthmatics in Ethiopia has not been well studied. We investigated the level of asthma control and risk factors for poor asthma control in clinic patients seen in the largest public hospital in Ethiopia. Results In this cross-sectional study, we studied all 182 consecutive subjects with a physician diagnosis of asthma who were seen in chest clinic at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital between July and December 2015. Of the 182 subjects, 68.1% were female. The mean age was 52 ± 12 years and the median duration of asthma was 20 ± 12.7 years. One hundred and seventeen subjects (64.3%) had nighttime awakening due to asthma. Fifty-eight (31%) were not using controller medications and 62 (34.6%) had improper inhaler technique. Only 44 (24.2%) subjects had well-controlled asthma. On multivariate analysis, variables associated with uncontrolled asthma included: use of biomass fuel for cooking, longer duration of asthma (> 30 year), incorrect inhalation technique, and asthma exacerbation in the last 12 months. Most asthmatics attending in the largest public hospital in Ethiopia, had uncontrolled asthma. Several risk factors for poor asthma control were identified. Improved asthma control is possible through directed interventions

Strategic Response to COVID-19 in Ethiopia

COVID-19, the novel coronavirus, has posed a major threat to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to inadequate health infrastructure and human resources. Ethiopia, a low-income country with the second largest population in Africa, has coordinated a strategic response, leveraging existing infrastructure and health systems and mobilizing public health professionals and specialist expert physicians for a multifaceted, unified government approach and adaptive response. Resource limitations, particularly in critical care, have still posed challenges, but the public health and clinical interventions thus far have prevented the catastrophic toll that many predicted. As the pandemic continues, Ethiopia expects to use a triple care model integrated at all levels, consisting of COVID-19 care, isolation care for suspected cases, and essential health services, and urges intensified non-pharmaceutical interventions alongside equitable global vaccine distribution as the ultimate answers to pandemic control. This paper draws on existing data, national planning and guidelines, and expertise from health leadership to describe this response in hopes of providing an example of how future large-scale health challenges might be faced in LMICs, using Ethiopia\u27s successes and challenges in facing the pandemic

Co2 and irrigation in relation to yield and water use of the bell pepper crop Co2 e irrigação na produção e uso da água para cultura do pimentão

Greenhouse production of vegetables is widely used throughout the world. Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in these closed environments can increase net photosynthesis and yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment and water supply on the growth of potted bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants, cultivated under controlled environmental conditions. CO2 was applied daily, and its distribution was monitored above plant rows through micro pipes located at 3.0 m height. A drip irrigation system with one dripper per plant was used to irrigate the plants. Different volumes of irrigation water, representing fractions of the water volume (Vet) consumed by pot plants growing under no water stress conditions (0.5Vet, 0.65Vet, 1.0Vet, and 1.35Vet) with four replications, were evaluated under four different CO2 levels (atmospheric concentration of 367, 600, 800, and 1000 mumol mol-1). Total fresh fruit mass, average number of fruits, and water use efficiency were recorded. For the water deficit treatments, the greatest fresh fruit mass was obtained for the highest CO2 level environment. However, for treatments that received water volumes equal or greater than the evapotranspiration rate, the greatest total fresh fruit mass was observed at the 600 mumol mol-1 of CO2 environment. The yield increase due to CO2 was represented by increase in fruit weight and not in fruit number. Water use efficiency increased in relation to the amount of water applied and it was highest at 600 mumol mol-1 CO2 concentration.<br>O cultivo de hortaliças em ambiente protegido é amplamente utilizado e, nesses ambientes, o enriquecimento da atmosfera com gás carbônico (CO2) pode aumentar a produtividade pois a fotossíntese líquida normalmente aumenta. Este trabalho avalia o efeito do enriquecimento do ambiente com CO2 e do volume de água aplicado em plantas de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.), cultivadas em vasos, em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido em Piracicaba, SP. O CO2 foi aplicado diariamente e distribuído através de microtubos instalados a 3 m de altura, sobre a linha de plantas. A irrigação foi por gotejamento com um gotejador por planta e freqüência de dois dias. Foram adotadas quatro concentrações de CO2 (concentração normal da atmosfera, aproximadamente de 367, 600, 800 e 1000 mimol mol-1) e quatro volumes de água determinados pelo volume evapotranspirado (Vet) por planta (0,5Vet; 0,65Vet; 1,0Vet e 1,35Vet), com quatro repetições. Analisaram-se a massa fresca total dos frutos, o número médio de frutos e a eficiência de uso da água. Nos tratamentos com restrição de água a maior massa fresca de frutos foi obtida nos ambientes com maior concentração de CO2, entretanto nos tratamentos que receberam volume igual ou maior que o volume evapotranspirado, a maior massa fresca de fruto foi verificada no ambiente com 600 mimol mol-1. O CO2 promoveu o aumento da massa fresca e não do número de frutos. A eficiência de uso da água aumentou em relação ao volume de água aplicado, sendo maior no ambiente com concentração de 600 mimol mol-1

Current use and acceptability of novel diagnostic tests for active tuberculosis: A worldwide survey

OBJECTIVE: To determine the current use and potential acceptance (by tuberculosis experts worldwide) of novel rapid tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis that are in line with World Health Organization target product profiles. METHODS: A multilingual survey was disseminated online between July and November of 2016. RESULTS: A total of 723 individuals from 114 countries responded to the survey. Smear microscopy was the most commonly used rapid tuberculosis test (available to 90.9% of the respondents), followed by molecular assays (available to 70.7%). Only a small proportion of the respondents in middle- and low-income countries had access to interferon-gamma-release assays. Serological and lateral flow immunoassays were used by more than a quarter (25.4%) of the respondents. Among the respondents who had access to molecular tests, 46.7% were using the Xpert assay overall, that proportion being higher in lower middle-income countries (55.6%) and low-income countries (76.6%). The data also suggest that there was some alignment of pricing for molecular assays. Respondents stated they would accept novel rapid tuberculosis tests if available, including molecular assays (acceptable to 86.0%) or biomarker-based serological assays (acceptable to 81.7%). Simple biomarker-based assays were more commonly deemed acceptable in middle- and low-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Second-generation molecular assays have become more widely available in high- and low-resource settings. However, the development of novel rapid tuberculosis tests continues to be considered important by tuberculosis experts. Our data also underscore the need for additional training and education of end users