Using video and multimodal classroom interaction analysis to investigate how information, misinformation, and disinformation influence pedagogy

Misinformation is accidentally wrong and disinformation is deliberately incorrect (i.e., deception). This paper uses the Pedagogy Analysis Framework (PAF) to investigate how information, misinformation, and disinformation influence classroom pedagogy. 95 people participated (i.e., one lesson with 7-year-olds, another with 10-year-olds, and three with a class of 13-year-olds). We used four video-based methods (lesson video analysis, teacher verbal protocols, pupil group verbal protocols, and teacher interviews). 35 hours of video data (recorded 2013-2020) were analysed using Grounded Theory Methods by the researchers, the class teachers, and groups of pupils (three girls and three boys). The methodology was Straussian Grounded Theory. We present how often participants used information, misinformation, and disinformation. We illustrate how the PAF helps understand and explain information, misinformation, and disinformation in the classroom by analysing video data transcripts. In addition, we discuss participant perceptions of the status of information; overlapping information, misinformation, and disinformation; and information communication difficulties

Multimodal classroom interaction analysis using video-based methods of the pedagogical tactic of (un)grouping

Grouping of people and/or things in school can involve challenging pedagogical problems and is a recurrent issue in research literature. Grouping of pupils sometimes aids learning, but detailed video-based analysis of how teachers (and pupils) group or ungroup (termed ‘(un)grouping’) in classrooms is rare. This multimodal classroom interaction analysis study builds on previous work by exploring how the Pedagogy Analysis Framework can help untangle complicated classroom interactions involving (un)grouping and identifies sixteen types of (un)grouping. The sample size is one class of thirty pupils (10-year-olds), their class teacher, and teaching assistant. Four research methods were used (lesson video analysis, teacher verbal protocols, pupil group verbal protocols, and individual teacher interviews). Six hours of data were video recorded (managed using NVivo). Data were analysed by two educational researchers, the class teacher, and two groups of pupils (three girls and three boys). The methodology is Straussian Grounded Theory. Data were recorded in 2019. We present how often participants (un)grouped during a lesson. We propose and use a grounded theory for (un)grouping which we call the ‘Exclusion, Segregation, Integration, and Inclusion (ESII) model’. Additionally, we discuss how misinformation and disinformation can complicate analysis of (un)grouping and examine different perspectives on (un)grouping

Teachers' perspectives on the relationship between secondary school departments of science and religious education: Independence or mutual enrichment?

There is a gap in the research on the relationship between secondary school subject departments, particularly where, as in the case of science and religious education (RE), there is not the traditional relationship that may be seen in science and maths or across humanities subjects. More awareness of content taught in other departments is important for pupils' coherent experience of curriculum and schooling. This article reports on data from 10 focus groups with 50 participants from six universities, where student teachers of science and RE revealed a complex picture of relationships between the two departments in their placement schools. Furthermore, this article reports findings from a survey where 244 teachers and student teachers of science and RE shared their perspectives on the relationship between the two school departments. The measure was adapted from Barbour's typology, a classification describing the nature of the relationship between science and religion in a range of literature. The terms ‘conflict’, ‘independence’, ‘dialogue’, ‘collaboration’ and ‘integration’ were presented to teachers of both subjects. Little evidence was found of conflict between science and RE departments, but more ‘independence’ than ‘dialogue’ between the two departments was reported. In the light of these findings, the benefits of boundary crossing are explored alongside the role teachers should play in boundary crossing

Science and RE teachers' perspectives on the purpose of RE on the secondary school curriculum in England

Renewed interest in curriculum in English schooling over the past decade has emanated from a particular focus on the place and role of knowledge in the classroom. Significant changes in policy and examination specifications have led to changes in religious education (RE). However, little is known about teachers' perspectives on the purpose of RE. We asked teachers of science and RE what they understood as the purpose of RE on the school curriculum. Data from 10 focus groups and a survey with 276 secondary teachers demonstrated that many secondary teachers of science have a different understanding to RE teachers of the purpose of RE on the school curriculum. Findings also show a lack of consensus from RE teachers on the purpose of RE, suggesting the impact of the knowledge turn in RE is not as strong as the Ofsted Research Review implies. Findings are significant as little is known about how knowledge works across disciplinary boundaries in schools. If students are to come to a full understanding of how knowledge works, teachers need to have some understanding of how knowledge is being constructed and utilised in other curriculum subjects. Knowledge of the intended purpose of RE is important for respectful co-existence of subjects on the curriculum and essential when RE is declining as a subject in secondary schools

Civil War Almanac: The Best Civil War Books of All Time

For our latest newsstand-only special issue, The Civil War Almanac, we asked a panel of Civil War historians—J. Matthew Gallman, Matthew C. Hulbert, James Marten, and Amy Murrell Taylor—for their opinions on a variety of popular topics, including the war\u27s most overrated and underratred commanders, top turning points, most influential women, and best depictions on film. Space constraints prevented us from including their answers to one of the questions we posed: What are the 10 best Civil War books ever published (nonfiction or fiction)? Below are their responses

Science religion encounters, epistemic trespass, neighbourliness and overlapping domains: theorisation and quantitative evidence of extent

This study advances a concept of science religion encounter (SRE), with preliminary theorisation and shares findings on the extent and nature of such encounters reported by secondary religious education and science teachers. SREs are interdisciplinary engagements in classrooms involving subject knowledge from more than one subject. The researchers hypothesised they may arise unexpectedly, when a pupil asks a question, or be teacher-planned and intended. This article further elaborates the concept of SRE with reference to the concepts of ‘epistemic trespassing’ (ET), epistemic neighbourliness, and overlapping domains, introducing these to the field of education. The study is contextualised in the school classroom with quantitative data gathered among beginning and experienced teachers measuring whether this ET in SRE topics enter the classroom via ‘spontaneity’ or via a ‘deliberateness’. This clarifies the different roles a teacher may play and offers considerations for teacher development when navigating an SRE in ways that potentially reduce lost learning

Ultra-brief non-expert-delivered defusion and acceptance exercises for food cravings: A partial replication study

Food cravings are a common barrier to losing weight. This paper presents a randomised comparison of non-expert group-delivered ultra-brief defusion and acceptance interventions against a distraction control. Sixty-three participants were asked to carry a bag of chocolates for a week whilst trying to resist the temptation to eat them. A behavioural rebound measure was administered. Each intervention out-performed control in respect of consumption, but not cravings. These techniques may have a place in the clinical management of food cravings. We provide tentative evidence that the mechanism of action is through decreased reactivity to cravings, not through reduced frequency of cravings

Feeding into old age: long-term effects of dietary fatty acid supplementation on tissue composition and life span in mice

Smaller mammals, such as mice, possess tissues containing more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than larger mammals, while at the same time live shorter lives. These relationships have been combined in the ‘membrane pacemaker hypothesis of aging’. It suggests that membrane PUFA content might determine an animal’s life span. PUFAs in general and certain long-chain PUFAs in particular, are highly prone to lipid peroxidation which brings about a high rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation of either n-3 or n-6 PUFAs might affect (1) membrane phospholipid composition of heart and liver tissues and (2) life span of the animals due to the altered membrane composition, and subsequent effects on lipid peroxidation. Therefore, we kept female laboratory mice from the C57BL/6 strain on three diets (n-3 PUFA rich, n-6 PUFA rich, control) and assessed body weights, life span, heart, and liver phospholipid composition after the animals had died. We found that while membrane phospholipid composition clearly differed between feeding groups, life span was not directly affected. However, we were able to observe a positive correlation between monounsaturated fatty acids in cardiac muscle and life span

The Response Phase - The First Six Hours After Acute Airway Injury by SO2 Inhalation: An in vivo and in vitro Study

We have identified an airway epithelial response following acute injury that cannot be termed \u27repair\u27 or regeneration. It precedes these well characterized events and it is termed the \u27response phase\u27. We tested the hypothesis that for the first 6 h following acute injury to the tracheal mucosa, the initial cellular events of the response phase will continue as in vivo even if the tissue is maintained in vitro in an Ussing chamber. The tracheal mucosa of anesthetized, intubated mongrel dogs was injured by the inhalation of SO2 500 ppm for 1 h (7 dogs); controls (3 dogs) breathed filtered, compressed air for 1 h. 4 dogs were killed, in pairs, at 1 and 6 h after 500ppm of SO2; their tracheas were removed and fixed for microscopic examination. 3 dogs were killed immediately after the SO2 exposure, their tracheas were removed and epithelium isolated from the posterior-membranous sheath was mounted in Ussing chambers in oxygenated, Krebs-Henseleit buffer (8 per dog with aperature area of 1.5 cm2). These tissues (and those from control dogs prepared identically) were fixed after 1 and 6 h incubation for microscopic examination. Epithelial damage was not observed in any controls but was in all tissues exposed to SO2. A wide spectrum of mucosal cell injury during the response phase was observed. The patterns of exfoliation noted were: individual cells, rows (several cells wide) of mucosal cells and entire regions (several hundred μm2). At 1 h after exposure, in some lesions, the injury is difficult to assess because the tracheal surface was either blanketed in exfoliated cells or appeared in total disarray. By 6 h, the lesions were well defined and large flattened cells (130 μm2 in surface area) covered the basement membrane in areas where mucosal cells had exfoliated. Some ciliated cells still remained attached at their base in these areas. These were the findings whether the tissues were taken fresh from the animal or have been maintained in Ussing chambers for up to 6 h. These results show that cellular repair of the tracheal epithelium can be studied in vitro during the first 6 h after injury, even if the injury has occurred in situ

In vitro activity of the novel indoloquinone EO-9 and the influence of pH on cytotoxicity.

The novel indoloquinone compound EO-9 is shortly to undergo phase I clinical evaluation as a potential bioreductive drug. Preclinical studies have shown that EO-9 has greater activity against cells derived from human solid tumours than leukaemias in vitro. The results of this study extend the preclinical data available on EO-9 by demonstrating that EO-9 induces a broad spectrum of activity (IC50 values range from 8 to 590 ng ml-1) against a panel of human and murine tumour cell lines. Some evidence exists of selectivity towards leukaemia and human colon cell lines as opposed to murine colon cells. The response of cells to Mitomycin C were not comparable to EO-9 suggesting that the mechanism of action of these compounds is different. The cytotoxic properties of EO-9 under aerobic conditions are significantly influenced by extracellular pH. Reduction of pH from 7.4 to 5.8 increases cell kill from 40% to 95% in DLD-1 cells. In addition, EO-9 is unstable at acidic pH (T1/2 = 37 min at pH 5.5) compared to neutral pH T1/2 = 6.3 h). The major breakdown product in vitro was identified as EO-5A which proved relatively inactive compared to EO-9 (IC50 = 50 and 0.6 ug ml-1 respectively). These studies suggest that if EO-9 can be delivered to regions of low pH within solid tumours, a therapeutic advantage may be obtained