Analisis Perbandingan Pendidikan Multikultural (Indonesia, Amerika, Kanada, Inggris)

Abstract: Comparative Analysis of Multicultural Education (Indonesia, USA, Canada, UK) Multicultural education in developed countries (Indonesia, United States, United Kingdom and Canada) asks for education that upholds human dignity and dignity by supporting and understanding the differences needed by each individual. Comparison of multicultural education (Indonesia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada) The first of each developed country (Indonesia, United States, United Kingdom and Canada) has a contribution in multicultural education that is to want to impart decision on Multicultural actions in Indonesia giving a role to the Principal in supporting diversity owned by each student, in the United States teaches multicultural education by providing education to students about diversity, in the UK promoting multicultural education by means of a system using Language, English is not the only language. In Canada, multicultural education is implemented by applying an educational model that reconstructs cultural diversityAbstrak : Analisis Perbandingan Pendidikan Multikultural (Indonesia, Amerika, Kanada, Inggris)Pendidikan multikultural di negara maju (Indonesia, Amerika Serikat, Inggris dan Kanada) menginginkan pendidikan yang menjunjung tinggi harkat dan martabat manusia dengan cara menghargai dan memahami perbedaan-perbedaan yang dimiliki masing-masing individu. Perbandingan pendidikan multikultural (Indonesia, Amerika Serikat, Inggris dan Kanada) Pertama dari masing-masing negara maju (Indonesia, Amerika Serikat, Inggris dan Kanada) ini memiliki persamaan dalam pendidikan multikultural yaitu ingin membratas adanya tindakan-tindakan diskriminasi dan ingin menegakkan hak-hak asasi manusia secara adil, Kedua Perbedaan pendidikan multikultural di Indonesia memberikan peran kepada Kepala Sekolah dalam memantau keberagaman yang dimiliki masing-masing siswa, di Amerika Serikat menerapkan pendidikan multikultural dengan cara memberikan edukasi kepada siswa mengenai keberagaman, di Inggris menerapkan pendidikan multikultural dengan cara sistem penerapan Bahasa, Bahasa inggris bukan menjadi Bahasa satu-satunya. Di Kanada menerapkan pendidikan multikultural dengan cara menerapkan model pendidikan yang merekonstruksi dari keanekaanragaraman budaya

ANALISIS LANDASAN FILOSOFIS PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL PADA PEMBELAJARAN PAI

Kemunculan multikulturalisme tidak terlepas dari pengaruh filsafat Post-Modernisme. Prinsip-prinsip paradigmatis yang menjadi dasar filosofis bagi pendidik Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) berbasis multikultural adalah sebagai berikut: 1) mendidik peserta didik untuk berani belajar hidup dalam perbedaan; 2) mendorong peserta didik untuk memiliki kompetensi dalam membangun rasa saling percaya kepada semua orang dengan latar belakang berbeda; 3) mendorong peserta didik untuk mampu memelihara saling pengertian di antara sesama teman yang beragam; 4) menjadikan peserta didik dapat menjunjung sikap saling menghargai; 5) berorientasi untuk melahirkan peserta didik untuk terbuka dalam berpikir, mampu membuka diri bagi pandangan orang lain yang berbeda; 6) menghasilkan peserta didik yang dapat bersikap apresiatif dan memahami bahwa dalam hidup ada keharusan menjalin relasi yang menunjukkan interdependensi antara satu orang/kelompok dengan orang/kelompok lain; 7) mendorong peserta didik ke arah pemahaman pentingnya resolusi konflik dan rekonsiliasi tanpa kekerasan

Discrete Kinetic Models from Funneled Energy Landscape Simulations

A general method for facilitating the interpretation of computer simulations of protein folding with minimally frustrated energy landscapes is detailed and applied to a designed ankyrin repeat protein (4ANK). In the method, groups of residues are assigned to foldons and these foldons are used to map the conformational space of the protein onto a set of discrete macrobasins. The free energies of the individual macrobasins are then calculated, informing practical kinetic analysis. Two simple assumptions about the universality of the rate for downhill transitions between macrobasins and the natural local connectivity between macrobasins lead to a scheme for predicting overall folding and unfolding rates, generating chevron plots under varying thermodynamic conditions, and inferring dominant kinetic folding pathways. To illustrate the approach, free energies of macrobasins were calculated from biased simulations of a non-additive structure-based model using two structurally motivated foldon definitions at the full and half ankyrin repeat resolutions. The calculated chevrons have features consistent with those measured in stopped flow chemical denaturation experiments. The dominant inferred folding pathway has an “inside-out”, nucleation-propagation like character

Effect of yoghurt containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12® on faecal excretion of secretory immunoglobulin A and human beta-defensin 2 in healthy adult volunteers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Probiotics are used to provide health benefits. The present study tested the effect of a probiotic yoghurt on faecal output of beta-defensin and immunoglobulin A in a group of young healthy women eating a defined diet.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>26 women aged 18-21 (median 19) years residing in a hostel were given 200 ml normal yoghurt every day for a week, followed by probiotic yoghurt containing <it>Bifidobacterium lactis </it>Bb12^®(10⁹in 200 ml) for three weeks, followed again by normal yoghurt for four weeks. Stool samples were collected at 0, 4 and 8 weeks and assayed for immunoglobulin A and human beta-defensin-2 by ELISA. All participants tolerated both normal and probiotic yoghurt well. Human beta-defensin-2 levels in faeces were not altered during the course of the study. On the other hand, compared to the basal sample, faecal IgA increased during probiotic feeding (P = 0.0184) and returned to normal after cessation of probiotic yoghurt intake.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>Bifidobacterium lactis </it>Bb12^®increased secretory IgA output in faeces. This property may explain the ability of probiotics to prevent gastrointestinal and lower respiratory tract infections.</p

Screening of anti-dengue activity in methanolic extracts of medicinal plants

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dengue fever regardless of its serotypes has been the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral diseases among the world population. The development of a dengue vaccine is complicated by the antibody-dependent enhancement effect. Thus, the development of a plant-based antiviral preparation promises a more potential alternative in combating dengue disease.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Present studies investigated the antiviral effects of standardised methanolic extracts of <it>Andrographis paniculata, Citrus limon, Cymbopogon citratus, Momordica charantia, Ocimum sanctum </it>and <it>Pelargonium citrosum </it>on dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1).</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>O. sanctum </it>contained 88.6% of total flavonoids content, an amount that was the highest among all the six plants tested while the least was detected in <it>M. charantia</it>. In this study, the maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) of the six medicinal plants was determined by testing the methanolic extracts against Vero E6 cells <it>in vitro</it>. Studies also determined that the MNTD of methanolic extract was in the decreasing order of <it>M. charantia </it>><it>C. limon </it>><it>P. citrosum, O. sanctum </it>><it>A. paniculata </it>><it>C. citratus</it>. Antiviral assay based on cytopathic effects (CPE) denoted by degree of inhibition upon treating DENV1-infected Vero E6 cells with MNTD of six medicinal plants showed that <it>A. paniculata </it>has the most antiviral inhibitory effects followed by <it>M. charantia</it>. These results were further verified with an <it>in vitro </it>inhibition assay using MTT, in which 113.0% and 98.0% of cell viability were recorded as opposed to 44.6% in DENV-1 infected cells. Although methanolic extracts of <it>O. sanctum </it>and <it>C. citratus </it>showed slight inhibition effect based on CPE, a significant inhibition was not reflected in MTT assay. Methanolic extracts of <it>C. limon </it>and <it>P. citrosum </it>did not prevent cytopathic effects or cell death from DENV-1.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The methanol extracts of <it>A. paniculata </it>and <it>M. charantia </it>possess the ability of inhibiting the activity of DENV-1 in <it>in vitro </it>assays. Both of these plants are worth to be further investigated and might be advantageous as an alternative for dengue treatment.</p

Network electro-thermal simulation of non-isothermal magnetohydrodynamic heat transfer from a transpiring cone with buoyancy and pressure work

The steady, axisymmetric laminar natural convection boundary layer flow from a non-isothermal vertical circular porous cone under a transverse magnetic field, with the cone vertex located at the base, is considered. The pressure work effect is included in the analysis. The governing boundary layer equations are formulated in an (x,y) coordinate system (parallel and normal to the cone slant surface), and the magnetic field effects are simulated with a hydromagnetic body force term in the momentum equation. A dimensionless transformation is performed rendering the momentum and also heat conservation equations. The thermal convection flow is shown to be controlled by six thermophysical parameters- local Hartmann number, local Grashof number, pressure work parameter, temperature power law exponent, Prandtl number and the transpiration parameter. The transformed parabolic partial differential equations are solved numerically using the Network Simulation Method (NSM) based on the electrical-thermodynamic analogy. Excellent correlation of the zero Hartmann number case is achieved with earlier electrically non-conducting solutions. Local shear stress function (skin friction) is found to be strongly decreased with an increase in Prandtl number (Pr), with negative values (corresponding to flow reversal) identified for highest Pr with further distance along the streamwise direction. A rise in local Hartmann number, is observed to depress skin friction. Increasing temperature power law index, corresponding to steeper temperature gradient at the wall, strongly reduces skin friction at the cone surface. A positive rise in pressure work parameter decreases skin friction whereas a negative increase elevates the skin friction for some distance along the cone surface from the apex. Local heat transfer gradient is markedly boosted with a rise in Prandtl number but decreased principally at the cone surface with increasing local Hartmann number. Increasing temperature power law index conversely increases the local heat transfer gradient, at the cone surface. A positive rise in pressure work parameter increases local heat transfer gradient while negative causes it to decrease. A rise in local Grashof number boosts local skin friction and velocity into the boundary layer; local heat transfer gradient is also increased with a rise in local Grashof number whereas the temperature in the boundary layer is noticeably reduced. Applications of the work arise in spacecraft magnetogas dynamics, chemical cooling systems and industrial magnetic materials processing

Micropropagation of Cyrtopodium paludicolum (Orchidaceae) from root tip explants

An efficient protocol for in vitro plant propagation of Cyrtopodium paludicolum has been developed using root tips dissected from well-developed seedlings. Root tips were cultured on Knudson medium supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and/or thidiazuron (TDZ). TDZ did not induce protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) in the NAA absence, indicating phytoregulators synergistic effect. Medium supplemented with 1.34 μM NAA and 2.27 μM TDZ resulted in better response on PBLs, and subsequent shoot differentiation (55.25 shoots per explant), and in better rooting number and root length responses, favoring acclimatization with 90% of survived plants. However, the medium supplemented with only NAA (1.34 μM) resulted in 33.50 shoots per explant. Histological sections confirmed that only one PLB was induced per responsive root tip, and it showed numerous dispersed and extended meristemoids, or division centers that originated new PBLs. Additionally, this protocol could be an excellent model to study molecular aspects of root to shoot conversion

Molecular control of HIV-1 postintegration latency: implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies

The persistence of HIV-1 latent reservoirs represents a major barrier to virus eradication in infected patients under HAART since interruption of the treatment inevitably leads to a rebound of plasma viremia. Latency establishes early after infection notably (but not only) in resting memory CD4+ T cells and involves numerous host and viral trans-acting proteins, as well as processes such as transcriptional interference, RNA silencing, epigenetic modifications and chromatin organization. In order to eliminate latent reservoirs, new strategies are envisaged and consist of reactivating HIV-1 transcription in latently-infected cells, while maintaining HAART in order to prevent de novo infection. The difficulty lies in the fact that a single residual latently-infected cell can in theory rekindle the infection. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency and in the transcriptional reactivation from latency. We highlight the potential of new therapeutic strategies based on this understanding of latency. Combinations of various compounds used simultaneously allow for the targeting of transcriptional repression at multiple levels and can facilitate the escape from latency and the clearance of viral reservoirs. We describe the current advantages and limitations of immune T-cell activators, inducers of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and inhibitors of deacetylases and histone- and DNA- methyltransferases, used alone or in combinations. While a solution will not be achieved by tomorrow, the battle against HIV-1 latent reservoirs is well- underway