Associations of physical activity and sedentary time with body composition in Brazilian young adults.

The findings of studies on the association between physical activity and adiposity are not consistent, and most are cross-sectional and used only self-reported measures. The aims of this study were to evaluate: 1) independent and combined cross-sectional associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with body composition outcomes at 30 years, and 2) prospective associations of changes in self-reported physical activity from 23 to 30 years with the same outcomes in participants from the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort. Body mass index, waist circumference, visceral abdominal fat, fat mass index, and android/gynoid fat ratio were the outcomes. 3,206 participants were analysed. In cross-sectional analyses, higher objectively-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with lower body mass index (β = 0.017, 95%CI: -0.026; -0.009), waist circumference (β = -0.043, 95%CI: -0.061; -0.025), visceral abdominal fat (β = -0.006, 95%CI: -0.009; -0.003), and fat mass index (β = -0.015, 95%CI: -0.021; -0.009), independent of sedentary time. Sedentary time was independently associated only with higher fat mass index (β = 0.003, 95%CI: 0.001; 0.005). In longitudinal analyses, using self-reported measure, adiposity was lower among those who were consistently active or who became active. Adiposity was similar among the "became inactive" and "consistently inactive" subjects. Our findings suggest metabolic benefits from engagement in physical activity throughout young adulthood, with stronger associations on concurrent levels.SB, KKO and EDLR are supported by the Medical Research Council (Unit Programme numbers: MC_UU_12015/2 and MC_ UU_12015/4)

Construção de instrumento para avaliação de cursos de pós-graduação

Este artigo tem como objetivo propor um método para avaliar cursos de pós-graduação em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES). O método busca identificar, através de um questionário, critérios inibidores da qualidade e promotores da qualidade em cursos de pós-graduação. Critérios significativos nos dois blocos são identificados através de uma Análise Fatorial. Em um segundo passo, esses critérios são contemplados através de ações que atendem as demandas identificadas. O método proposto é ilustrado através de um estudo de caso. Ao final do estudo pode-se constatar a eficiência da Análise Fatorial como técnica auxiliar à tomada de decisão por parte da IES.This paper presents a method to evaluate graduate programs in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The method aims at identifying criteria that inhibit and promote the quality of graduate programs. Significant criteria in both cases are indentified through a Factor Analysis. In a second step such criteria are converted into actions addressing the demands identified. The method is illustrated through a case study. We eventually conclude for the efficiency of Factor Analysis as technique to support the decision making processes in HEIs

Association of breastfeeding, maternal anthropometry and body composition in women at 30 years of age

This study aimed at assessing the association of breastfeeding with maternal body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat mass index, fat free mass index, android/gynoid fat ratio and bone mineral density. In 1982, the maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were daily visited and all live births were identified and examined. These subjects underwent follow-up for several times. At 30 years of age, the participants were interviewed and examined. Parous women provided information on parity and duration of breastfeeding. Multiple linear regression was used in the multivariate analysis, controlling for genomic ancestry, family income, schooling and smoking at 2004-2005. After controlling for confounding factors, breastfeeding was inversely associated with BMI and fat mass index, whereas breastfeeding per live birth was negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index. Women who had had a child in the last 5 years and had breastfed, showed lower BMI (β = -2.12, 95%CI: -4.2; -0.1), waist circumference (β = -4.46, 95%CI: -8.3; -0.6) and fat mass index (β = -1.79, 95%CI: -3.3; -0.3), whereas no association was observed among those whose last childbirth was > 5 years, but the p-value for the tests of interaction were > 0.05. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding is associated with lower BMI and other adiposity measures, mostly in the first years after delivery. Besides that, it has no negative impact on bone mineral density

Growth patterns in childhood and adolescence and adult body composition: a pooled analysis of birth cohort studies from five low and middle-income countries (COHORTS collaboration)

Objective We examined associations among serial measures of linear growth and relative weight with adult body composition.Design Secondary data analysis of prospective birth cohort studies.Settings Six birth cohorts from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines and South Africa.Participants 4173 individuals followed from birth to ages 22–46 years with complete and valid weight and height at birth, infancy, childhood and adolescence, and body composition in adult life.Exposures Birth weight and conditional size (standardised residuals of height representing linear growth and of relative weight representing weight increments independent of linear size) in infancy, childhood and adolescence.Primary outcome measures Body mass index, fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), fat mass/fat-free mass ratio (FM/FFM), and waist circumference in young and mid-adulthood.Results In pooled analyses, a higher birth weight and relative weight gains in infancy, childhood and adolescence were positively associated with all adult outcomes. Relative weight gains in childhood and adolescence were the strongest predictors of adult body composition (β (95% CI) among men: FMI (childhood: 0.41 (0.26 to 0.55); adolescence: 0.39 (0.27 to 0.50)), FFMI (childhood: 0.50 (0.34 to 0.66); adolescence: 0.43 (0.32 to 0.55)), FM/FFM (childhood: 0.31 (0.16 to 0.47); adolescence: 0.31 (0.19 to 0.43))). Among women, similar patterns were observed, but, effect sizes in adolescence were slightly stronger than in childhood. Conditional height in infancy was positively associated with FMI (men: 0.08 (0.03 to 0.14); women: 0.11 (0.07 to 0.16)). Conditional height in childhood was positively but weakly associated with women’s adiposity. Site-specific and sex-stratified analyses showed consistency in the direction of estimates, although there were differences in their magnitude.Conclusions Prenatal and postnatal relative weight gains were positive predictors of larger body size and increased adiposity in adulthood. A faster linear growth in infancy was a significant but weak predictor of higher adult adiposity