From Plantation Laborers to Ardent Nationalists: Koreans\u27 Experiences in America and Their Search for Ethnic Identity, 1903-1924.

This dissertation is a study of pioneer Korean immigrants from the beginning of the mass immigration in 1903 to the passage of the Oriental Exclusion Act of 1924. The main emphasis is upon their background and experiences, and in particular upon their struggles to maintain their ethnic identity and to create for themselves an American identity. In addressing these themes, this study focuses on three major questions. First, in order to understand why conservative, land-bound Koreans left their home country for an unknown land, this study analyzes historical, socioeconomic, and political forces which worked together in both Korean and American societies. Second, in an attempt to reveal the uniqueness of the Korean experience in America, it probes such factors as Korean immigrants\u27 socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, their family and community life, their working conditions and occupational adjustments, and their ethnic organizations. Third, in order to uncover the nature of the Korean-American community in this period, it discusses three aspects of Koreans\u27 search for identity: their attempts to achieve identity through ethnic institutions, through political activities for Korean national independence, and through accommodation to a racially discriminating American society. After examining the distinctive characteristics, motives, organizations and social creativity of Koreans, this study concludes that, in the face of the double challenge of white racism and of the loss of their national independence, Korean immigrants did, to a remarkable extent, overcome numerous difficulties and regain and then retain their ethnic identity. They came to America as sojourners, but within ten years of their settlement, they became permanent settlers. Their status changed from that of poor, uneducated, and unstable plantation laborers to self-sufficient, literate, and trustworthy members of American society. This study also argues that Korean ethnic nationalism resulted in part from an essential desire to assimilate to American society. Thus Korean immigrants strove to be more American because they felt that they were working for the realization of a democratic dream. Through ardent nationalist activities, Korean immigrants could sustain their ethnic unity and cohesiveness while searching for a meaningful life and existence in the alien and often hostile environment

Indium as an efficient ohmic contact to N-face n-GaN of GaN-based vertical light-emitting diodes

We propose indium (In), a low work function and nitride-forming element, as an efficient ohmic contact layer to N-face n-GaN. While conventional Al-based ohmic contacts show severe degradation after annealing at 300 C, In-based ohmic contacts display considerable improvement in contact resistivity. The annealing-induced enhancement of ohmic behavior in In-based contacts is attributed to the formation of an InN interfacial layer, which is supported by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements. These results suggest that In is of particular importance for application as reliable ohmic contacts to n-GaN of GaN-based vertical light-emitting diodes.open3

Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Display System-based Developmental Eye Movement Test

By transplanting the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test chart to a virtual reality head-mounted display (VR HMD) system, this study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the DEM test for measuring dynamic visual acuity.Thirty-nine adults aged 20–39 years of both genders were the subjects of the study. After undergoing measurement of their visual function, through medical questionnaire, interpupillary distance, near point of convergence (NPC), near point of accommodation (NPA), and far and near phoria, the correlation between the tests was analyzed performing DEM vertical, horizontal test and VR HMD DEM (VHD) vertical, horizontal test.NPC and NPA decreased significantly after the VHD test, while phoria did not. The horizontal was quicker than the vertical in the DEM test, and vice versa in the VHD test. DEM was quicker than VHD in both the vertical and horizontal directions. There was no notable difference in error frequency between DEM and VHD. In terms of DEM and VHD test, there was no notable difference in the short-range IPD and subjective symptoms of the top 10 and bottom 10 subjects. There was also no notable difference between the exercise and non-exercise groups and the game and non-game groups.The performance time for VHD, in which the chart must be read while moving the body, was longer than that of DEM. Therefore, based on the consistency of the results of both tests and the lack of a difference in error frequency and subjective symptoms, the VHD equipment proposed in this thesis is as effective as dynamic visual acuity measurement equipment. In addition, the lack of a difference between the exercise and non-exercise groups and the game and non-game groups demonstrated that the amount of exercise and game by an ordinary person does not influence their dynamic visual function

Performance Comparison of Spectral Wave Models Based on Different Governing Equations Including Wave Breaking

The performance of three spectral wave models based on different types of governing equations, REF/DIF S, MIKE 21 BW module and SWAN, was compared by using four laboratory and field experimental data. The comparison was focused on accurate prediction of the measured wave height. Characteristics of the three wave models were discussed and their overall predictability of the measured data was evaluated by calculating mean absolute relative errors of wave height. All the numerical models simulated fairly well shoaling and breaking of waves propagating on a plane sloping beach, but the model accuracy was somewhat degenerated in simulating waves propagating over a barred beach. Among the three models, MIKE 21 BW was the most insensitive to the bathymetric change. Combined refraction-diffraction over a shoal without breaking was quite well simulated by the models, especially by REF/DIF S and MIKE 21 BW. When waves break over the shoal, however, all the models failed to reproduce the wave field behind the shoal. The agreement with data in simulating wave diffraction around breakwater was remarkably good for MIKE 21 BW, but very poor for other two models. Except the last simulation, the mean absolute relative errors of wave height from the three models ranged between 3 and 27%

The Biological Safety of Stainless Steel Needles Used in Warm-needling

Warm-needling (also called thermo-acupuncture) is a combination of acupuncture and moxibustion. Due to the intense heat involved, there have been concerns over the biological safety of the acuneedles used in the treatment. This paper reports two phases of a safety test. For a preliminary test, we compared the temperature change patterns of stainless steel (SS304) needles and traditional gold alloy needles, which have been increasingly replaced by the former. To verify the effects of the presence of coating materials, the main test involved three different kinds of SS304: silicone-coated, salicylic acid-coated and non-coated needles. Each group of needles was tested for pH level, heavy metals and UV absorbance spectrum along with biological tests on the cytotoxicity and hemolysis of the needle. All the tests on the extractants from the needles were negative. In the biological tests, each test result showed a significant difference from the positive control samples, while no significant difference was observed compared with the negative control samples. In the hemolysis tests, all samples satisfied the Korean Government Standards. All the results suggest that SS304 needles are biologically safe to be used in warm-needling, though they can be improved to perform as well as the gold alloy needles in terms of temperature fluctuations