Deformed Phase Space in Cosmology and Black Holes

It is well known that one way to study canonical quantum cosmology is through the Wheeler DeWitt (WDW) equation where the quantization is performed on the minisuperspace variables. The original ideas of a deformed minisuperspace were done in connection with noncommutative cosmology, by introducing a deformation into the minisuperspace in order to incorporate an effective noncommutativity. Therefore, studying solutions to Cosmological models through the WDW equation with deformed phase space could be interpreted as studying quantum effects to Cosmology. In this chapter, we make an analysis of scalar field cosmology and conclude that under a phase space transformation and imposed restriction, the effective cosmological constant is positive. On the other hand, obtaining the wave equation for the noncommutativity Kantowski-Sachs model, we are able to derive a modified noncommutative version of the entropy. To that purpose, the Feynman-Hibbs procedure is considered in order to calculate the partition function of the system

Revisión: biotecnología aplicada a la viticultura

El vino es una bebida altamente comercializada; en las últimas tres décadas se ha observado un aumento en la globalización de este producto. Las empresas vitivinícolas buscan nuevos avances tecnológicos que permitan aumentar la producción de vino mediante el mejoramiento del cultivo de vides y el uso de estándares de calidad para responder a la alta competitividad del mercado. Hoy en día, la industria vitivinícola se enfrenta a problemáticas mundiales como el descenso del consumo y aumento de excedentes; por lo que se busca a futuro la obtención de productos más competitivos, mejoras de calidad y tipicidad de los vinos. El objetivo de esta revisión es recabar las principales aplicaciones de la ingeniería genética y la biotecnología aplicada a la viticultura. Desde los métodos actuales de identificación molecular de variedades de vid hasta la producción de vinos botritizados mediante el uso de técnicas microbiológicas que permiten la infección de las uvas con el hongo Botrytis cinerea y el uso de transgénicos, entre otros; tomando en cuenta la bioética y bioseguridad que debe estar presente en el desarrollo de estas tecnologías innovadoras que impactan positivamente en el cultivo y producción de las variedades de vides.Wine is a highly commercialized product. In the last three decades there has been an increase in the globalization of this product. Wine companies are looking for new technological advances that allow increasing wine production by improving the cultivation of vines and the use of quality standards to respond to the high competitiveness of the market. Nowadays, wine industry faces global problems such as decreased consumption and increased surpluses; for this reason, the future seeks to obtain more competitive products, quality improvements and typicality of wines. The objective of this review is to recover the main applications of genetic engineering and biotechnology applied to viticulture. From the current methods of molecular identification of vine varieties, to the production of botrytised wines through the use of microbiological techniques that allow the infection of grapes with Botrytis cinerea fungus and the use of transgenics, among others; taking into account the bioethics and biosafety which must be present in the development of these innovative technologies that positively impact the cultivation and production of grape varieties.Gerencia de Comunicación Institucional, DG SICyP, INTAFil: Tapia, E.A. Universidad Anáhuac México. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; MéxicoFil: Madrigal, Berenice. Universidad Anáhuac México. Facultad de Turismo y Gastronomía; MéxicoFil: Herrera, E. Universidad Anáhuac México. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Méxic

Einstein energy associated with the Friedmann -Robertson -Walker metric

Following Einstein's definition of Lagrangian density and gravitational field energy density (Einstein, A., Ann. Phys. Lpz., 49, 806 (1916); Einstein, A., Phys. Z., 19, 115 (1918); Pauli, W., {\it Theory of Relativity}, B.I. Publications, Mumbai, 1963, Trans. by G. Field), Tolman derived a general formula for the total matter plus gravitational field energy ($P_0$) of an arbitrary system (Tolman, R.C., Phys. Rev., 35(8), 875 (1930); Tolman, R.C., {\it Relativity, Thermodynamics & Cosmology}, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1962)); Xulu, S.S., arXiv:hep-th/0308070 (2003)). For a static isolated system, in quasi-Cartesian coordinates, this formula leads to the well known result $P_0 = \int \sqrt{-g} (T_0^0 - T_1^1 -T_2^2 -T_3^3) ~d^3 x$, where $g$ is the determinant of the metric tensor and $T^a_b$ is the energy momentum tensor of the {\em matter}. Though in the literature, this is known as "Tolman Mass", it must be realized that this is essentially "Einstein Mass" because the underlying pseudo-tensor here is due to Einstein. In fact, Landau -Lifshitz obtained the same expression for the "inertial mass" of a static isolated system without using any pseudo-tensor at all and which points to physical significance and correctness of Einstein Mass (Landau, L.D., and Lifshitz, E.M., {\it The Classical Theory of Fields}, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 2th ed., 1962)! For the first time we apply this general formula to find an expression for $P_0$ for the Friedmann- Robertson -Walker (FRW) metric by using the same quasi-Cartesian basis. As we analyze this new result, physically, a spatially flat model having no cosmological constant is suggested. Eventually, it is seen that conservation of $P_0$ is honoured only in the a static limit.Comment: By mistake a marginally different earlier version was loaded, now the journal version is uploade

Implementación de un programa piloto de servicios farmacéuticos en una población rural de Veracruz (México) con alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas

Objetivo: Implementar un programa piloto de servicios farmacéuticos de carácter comunitario en una población rural de la zona centro de Veracruz (México) con una alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. Material y métodos: Consistió en dos fases: 1) identificación y caracterización de la población, y 2) implementación del programa piloto de los servicios farmacéuticos. El análisis estadístico se realizó con paquete estadístico STATA (versión 9.0). Resultados: Se le ofreció el servicio a una población de 904 personas, de las que 897 participaron; de estas últimas, 436 presentaron valores alterados de las patologías incluidas en el estudio. Para evaluar el efecto de la intervención farmacéutica sobre la efectividad de los tratamientos farmacológicos, se observó que en el grupo con hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se produjo una disminución estadísticamente significativa de las concentraciones séricas de triglicéridos, colesterol y glucosa (p <0,001), respectivamente. De igual manera, se observó una reducción de la presión arterial diastólica y sistólica (p <0,001) después de la intervención. La evaluación clínica de los pacientes al final del tratamiento que incluyó servicios farmacéuticos fue en sentido favorable, ya que el 82,56% de la población de estudio refirió valores controlados dentro de las patologías de estudio y valores estadísticamente significativos (p <0,001). Los resultados negativos asociados a la medicación identificados fueron del tipo inefectividad cuantitativa, y se detectaron 14 reacciones adversas a medicamentos tipo A. Conclusiones: La atención farmacéutica es una estrategia idónea para actuar en el complejo proceso de generación y protección de la salud en comunidades vulnerables, como son las rurales con poblaciones con enfermedades crónico-degenerativas

Design of synthetic bacterial communities for predictable plant phenotypes

Specific members of complex microbiota can influence host phenotypes, depending on both the abiotic environment and the presence of other microorganisms. Therefore, it is challenging to define bacterial combinations that have predictable host phenotypic outputs. We demonstrate that plant–bacterium binary-association assays inform the design of small synthetic communities with predictable phenotypes in the host. Specifically, we constructed synthetic communities that modified phosphate accumulation in the shoot and induced phosphate starvation–responsive genes in a predictable fashion. We found that bacterial colonization of the plant is not a predictor of the plant phenotypes we analyzed. Finally, we demonstrated that characterizing a subset of all possible bacterial synthetic communities is sufficient to predict the outcome of untested bacterial consortia. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to infer causal relationships between microbiota membership and host phenotypes and to use these inferences to rationally design novel communities

Implementación de un programa piloto de servicios farmacéuticos en una población rural de Veracruz (México) con alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas

Objetivo: Implementar un programa piloto de servicios farmacéuticos de carácter comunitario en una población rural de la zona centro de Veracruz (México) con una alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. Material y métodos: Consistió en dos fases: 1) identificación y caracterización de la población, y 2) implementación del programa piloto de los servicios farmacéuticos. El análisis estadístico se realizó con paquete estadístico STATA (versión 9.0). Resultados: Se le ofreció el servicio a una población de 904 personas, de las que 897 participaron; de estas últimas, 436 presentaron valores alterados de las patologías incluidas en el estudio. Para evaluar el efecto de la intervención farmacéutica sobre la efectividad de los tratamientos farmacológicos, se observó que en el grupo con hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se produjo una disminución estadísticamente significativa de las concentraciones séricas de triglicéridos, colesterol y glucosa (p <0,001), respectivamente. De igual manera, se observó una reducción de la presión arterial diastólica y sistólica (p <0,001) después de la intervención. La evaluación clínica de los pacientes al final del tratamiento que incluyó servicios farmacéuticos fue en sentido favorable, ya que el 82,56% de la población de estudio refirió valores controlados dentro de las patologías de estudio y valores estadísticamente significativos (p <0,001). Los resultados negativos asociados a la medicación identificados fueron del tipo inefectividad cuantitativa, y se detectaron 14 reacciones adversas a medicamentos tipo A. Conclusiones: La atención farmacéutica es una estrategia idónea para actuar en el complejo proceso de generación y protección de la salud en comunidades vulnerables, como son las rurales con poblaciones con enfermedades crónico-degenerativas

Tomato: a crop species amenable to improvement by cellular and molecular methods

Tomato is a crop plant with a relatively small DNA content per haploid genome and a well developed genetics. Plant regeneration from explants and protoplasts is feasable which led to the development of efficient transformation procedures. In view of the current data, the isolation of useful mutants at the cellular level probably will be of limited value in the genetic improvement of tomato. Protoplast fusion may lead to novel combinations of organelle and nuclear DNA (cybrids), whereas this technique also provides a means of introducing genetic information from alien species into tomato. Important developments have come from molecular approaches. Following the construction of an RFLP map, these RFLP markers can be used in tomato to tag quantitative traits bred in from related species. Both RFLP's and transposons are in the process of being used to clone desired genes for which no gene products are known. Cloned genes can be introduced and potentially improve specific properties of tomato especially those controlled by single genes. Recent results suggest that, in principle, phenotypic mutants can be created for cloned and characterized genes and will prove their value in further improving the cultivated tomato.

Stability and collapse of localized solutions of the controlled three-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation

On the basis of recent investigations, a newly developed analytical procedure is used for constructing a wide class of localized solutions of the controlled three-dimensional (3D) Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) that governs the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). The controlled 3D GPE is decomposed into a two-dimensional (2D) linear Schr\"{o}dinger equation and a one-dimensional (1D) nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation, constrained by a variational condition for the controlling potential. Then, the above class of localized solutions are constructed as the product of the solutions of the transverse and longitudinal equations. On the basis of these exact 3D analytical solutions, a stability analysis is carried out, focusing our attention on the physical conditions for having collapsing or non-collapsing solutions.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figure

Screening-based discovery of <em>Aspergillus fumigatus </em>plant-type chitinase inhibitors

AbstractA limited therapeutic arsenal against increasing clinical disease due to Aspergillus spp. necessitates urgent characterisation of new antifungal targets. Here we describe the discovery of novel, low micromolar chemical inhibitors of Aspergillus fumigatus family 18 plant-type chitinase A1 (AfChiA1) by high-throughput screening (HTS). Analysis of the binding mode by X-ray crystallography confirmed competitive inhibition and kinetic studies revealed two compounds with selectivity towards fungal plant-type chitinases. These inhibitors provide new chemical tools to probe the effects of chitinase inhibition on A. fumigatus growth and virulence, presenting attractive starting points for the development of further potent drug-like molecules

Forward pi^0 Production and Associated Transverse Energy Flow in Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA

Deep-inelastic positron-proton interactions at low values of Bjorken-x down to x \approx 4.10^-5 which give rise to high transverse momentum pi^0 mesons are studied with the H1 experiment at HERA. The inclusive cross section for pi^0 mesons produced at small angles with respect to the proton remnant (the forward region) is presented as a function of the transverse momentum and energy of the pi^0 and of the four-momentum transfer Q^2 and Bjorken-x. Measurements are also presented of the transverse energy flow in events containing a forward pi^0 meson. Hadronic final state calculations based on QCD models implementing different parton evolution schemes are confronted with the data.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures and 3 table