The upgrade of the ALICE TPC with GEMs and continuous readout

The upgrade of the ALICE TPC will allow the experiment to cope with the high interaction rates foreseen for the forthcoming Run 3 and Run 4 at the CERN LHC. In this article, we describe the design of new readout chambers and front-end electronics, which are driven by the goals of the experiment. Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors arranged in stacks containing four GEMs each, and continuous readout electronics based on the SAMPA chip, an ALICE development, are replacing the previous elements. The construction of these new elements, together with their associated quality control procedures, is explained in detail. Finally, the readout chamber and front-end electronics cards replacement, together with the commissioning of the detector prior to installation in the experimental cavern, are presented. After a nine-year period of R&D, construction, and assembly, the upgrade of the TPC was completed in 2020.publishedVersio

An Algorithm For The Fuzzy Maximum Flow Problem

The problem of finding the maximum flow between a source and a destination node in a network with uncertainties in its capacities is an important problem of network flows, since it has a wide range of applications in different areas (telecommunications, transportations, manufacturing, etc) and therefore deserves special attention. However, due to complexity in working with this kind of problems, there are a few algorithms in literature, which demand that the user informs the desirable maximum flow, which is difficult when the network is the large scale. In this paper, an algorithm based on the classic algorithm of Ford-Fulkerson is proposed. The algorithm uses the technique of the incremental graph and it does not request that the decision-maker informs the desirable flow, in contrast of the main works of literature. The uncertainties of the parameters are resolved using the fuzzy sets theory. © 2007 IEEE.Ahuja, R.K., Magnanti, T.L., Orlin, J.B., Network flows: Theory, algorithms and applications (1993) Prendee HallBazaraa, M., Jarvis, J., Sherali, H.F., (1990) Linear programming and network flows, , John WileyGondran, M., Minoux, M., (1984) Graph and Algorithm, , New York, John Wiley & SonsChanas, S., Kolodziejczyk, W., Maximum flow in a network with fuzzy arc capacities (1982) Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 8, pp. 165-173Chanas, S., Kolodziejczyk, W., Real-valued flows in a network with fuzzy arc capacities (1984) Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 13, pp. 139-151Chanas, S., Kolodziejczyk, W., Integer flows in network with fuzzy capacity constraints (1986) Networks, 16, pp. 17-31Kim, K., Roush, F., Fuzzy flows on network (1982) Fuzzy Sets and System, 8, pp. 35-38Takahashi, M.T., Contribuções ao estudo de grafos fuzzy: Teoria e algoritmos (in Portuguese), (2004), Ph.D. thesis, Faculty. Elect Eng, Campinas Univ, Campinas, BrazilZadeh, L., Fuzzy sets (1965) Inf. and control, 8 (338 -3), p. 53Zadeh, L., Fuzzy algorithms (1968) Inf. and control, 12Zadeh, L., Fuzzy sets as a theory of possibility (1978) Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1Chanas, S., Delgado, M., Verdegay, J.L., Vila, M., Fuzzy optimal flow on imprecise structures (1995) European Journal of Operational Research, 83 (3), pp. 568-580Delgado, M., Verdegay, J.L., Vila, M., On fuzzy tree definition (1985) European Journal of Operational Research, 22, pp. 243-249Malik, D., Moderson, J.N., (2001) Fuzzy discrete structures, 58. , Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, Spring-VerlagBellman, R., Zadeh, L., Decision-making in a Fuzzy Environment (1970) Management Science, 17 (4), pp. B-141-B-16

Botrytis bunch rot on 'Sauvignon Blanc' grapevine on the Y-trellis and vertical shoot-positioned training systems

<div><p>Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the Y-trellis (YT) and vertical shoot-positioned (VSP) training systems on the incidence and severity of Botrytis cinerea, on cluster compactness, and total polyphenol (TP) contents of 'Sauvignon Blanc' grapevine in the municipality of São Joaquim, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Field trials were carried out in a randomized complete block design during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons, with assessments performed at harvest. The YT system causes a higher incidence and severity of botrytis bunch rot under climatic conditions favorable to the pathogen, as well as greater cluster compactness, than the VSP system, without affecting the content of total polyphenols of 'Sauvignon Blanc' grapevine.</p></div

Diferenças estacionais entre variáveis microclimáticas para ambientes de interior de mata, vinhedo e posto meteorológico em Jundiaí (SP) Seazonal diferences among microclimatic variables from environments of forest interior, vineyard and standard weather station at Jundiaí, Brazil

Os estudos de caracterização da variabilidade microclimática são essenciais para avaliação de alternativas silviculturais e manejo de vinhedos. Por essa razão, compararam-se variação estacional da temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento entre os ambientes: interior de uma mata semidecídua, um vinhedo da variedade Niagara Rosada e um posto meteorológico, em Jundiaí (SP), utilizando-se dados diários obtidos por estações meteorológicas automáticas em agosto de 2000 (inverno), outubro de 2000 (primavera) e janeiro de 2001 (verão). A mata alterou significativamente o microclima em seu interior, diminuindo a temperatura máxima em 1,0 °C no inverno, 1,9 °C na primavera e 3,4 °C no verão, aumentando a umidade relativa do ar em 4% a 7% e reduzindo a velocidade do vento nas estações do ano analisadas. No interior da mata, a temperatura mínima foi 0,2 °C mais alta no verão e 1,2 °C mais baixa no inverno, quando comparada com o ambiente externo. O vinhedo, ao contrário, elevou a temperatura máxima de 0,5 °C a 1,0 °C e reduziu a umidade relativa do ar em 2%, quando comparado com o ambiente-padrão do posto meteorológico.<br>Studies aiming the characterization of microclimatic variability are important for evaluating forest and vineyards management. Therefore microclimatic measurements of: air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were taken, at Jundiaí, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The following environments were evaluated: semideciduous forest interior, ´Niagara Rosada´ vineyard and standard weather station. Seazonal variation comparison was performed using daily data collected by automatic weather stations during the following months:August, 2000 (winter), October, 2000 (spring) and January, 2001 (summer). The internal microclimate was modified at semideciduous forest, with a decrease of maximum air temperature by 1.0 °C, 1.9 °C and 3.4 °C, respectively for winter, spring and summer; an increase of air relative humidity from 4-7%, and a reduction of wind speed in all evaluated seasons. The minimum air temperature inside the forest was 0.2 °C higher than at the standard weather station during summer, and 1.2 °C lower during winter. On the other hand, the vineyard lead to an increase of 0.5 °C to 1.0 °C on the maximum air temperature and to a decrease of 2% on the relative humidity when compared to standard weather station environment