Effective Functional Form of Regge Trajectories

We present theoretical arguments and strong phenomenological evidence that hadronic Regge trajectories are essentially nonlinear and can be well approximated, for phenomenological purposes, by a specific square-root form.Comment: 29 pages, LaTeX. Published versio

The ‘Great Decarceration’: Historical Trends and Future Possibilities

During the 19th Century, hundreds of thousands of people were caught up in what Foucault famously referred to as the ‘great confinement’, or ‘great incarceration’, spanning reformatories, prisons, asylums, and more. Levels of institutional incarceration increased dramatically across many parts of Europe and the wider world through the expansion of provision for those defined as socially marginal, deviant, or destitute. While this trend has been the focus of many historical studies, much less attention has been paid to the dynamics of ‘the great decarceration’ that followed for much of the early‐ to mid‐20th Century. This article opens with an overview of these early decarceration trends in the English adult and youth justice systems and suggests why these came to an end from the 1940s onwards. It then explores parallels with marked decarceration trends today, notably in youth justice, and suggests how these might be expedited, extended, and protected

Investigation of Transient Two-Phase Flow during Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System Startup

The purpose of this investigation is to develop models for transient slug flow under refrigeration system startup conditions. Slug flow is generated for two-phase air-water and R134a with pressure differences of 69-520 kPa; slug volumes of 40-400 ml; and 6.35, 10.2, and 13.4 mm tube diameters under high and low pressure side conditions. Flow visualization images are recorded with a high speed camera and digital web camera. A film thickness sensor design is described for use in the once through flow loop. The trends of the film thickness sensor output, pressure difference, slug location, and slug breakdown distance are discussed. Four separate models are generated to describe the slug acceleration and breakdown. The models are compared to experimental data and simplified further. The simplified model predicts the acceleration and breakdown of the slug with four inputs: fluid, applied pressure difference, slug volume, and tube diameter. The performance and uncertainty of the model are discussed. Models are also generated to determine the tube length required for slug breakdown.Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Project 20