Low Q^2 Jet Production at HERA and Virtual Photon Structure

The transition between photoproduction and deep-inelastic scattering is investigated in jet production at the HERA ep collider, using data collected by the H1 experiment. Measurements of the differential inclusive jet cross-sections dsigep/dEt* and dsigmep/deta*, where Et* and eta* are the transverse energy and the pseudorapidity of the jets in the virtual photon-proton centre of mass frame, are presented for 0 < Q2 < 49 GeV2 and 0.3 < y < 0.6. The interpretation of the results in terms of the structure of the virtual photon is discussed. The data are best described by QCD calculations which include a partonic structure of the virtual photon that evolves with Q2.Comment: 20 pages, 5 Figure

Hadron Production in Diffractive Deep-Inelastic Scattering

Characteristics of hadron production in diffractive deep-inelastic positron-proton scattering are studied using data collected in 1994 by the H1 experiment at HERA. The following distributions are measured in the centre-of-mass frame of the photon dissociation system: the hadronic energy flow, the Feynman-x (x_F) variable for charged particles, the squared transverse momentum of charged particles (p_T^{*2}), and the mean p_T^{*2} as a function of x_F. These distributions are compared with results in the gamma^* p centre-of-mass frame from inclusive deep-inelastic scattering in the fixed-target experiment EMC, and also with the predictions of several Monte Carlo calculations. The data are consistent with a picture in which the partonic structure of the diffractive exchange is dominated at low Q^2 by hard gluons.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Phys. Lett.

Measurement of D* Meson Cross Sections at HERA and Determination of the Gluon Density in the Proton using NLO QCD

With the H1 detector at the ep collider HERA, D* meson production cross sections have been measured in deep inelastic scattering with four-momentum transfers Q^2>2 GeV2 and in photoproduction at energies around W(gamma p)~ 88 GeV and 194 GeV. Next-to-Leading Order QCD calculations are found to describe the differential cross sections within theoretical and experimental uncertainties. Using these calculations, the NLO gluon momentum distribution in the proton, x_g g(x_g), has been extracted in the momentum fraction range 7.5x10^{-4}< x_g <4x10^{-2} at average scales mu^2 =25 to 50 GeV2. The gluon momentum fraction x_g has been obtained from the measured kinematics of the scattered electron and the D* meson in the final state. The results compare well with the gluon distribution obtained from the analysis of scaling violations of the proton structure function F_2.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Nucl. Phys.

Measurement of Leading Proton and Neutron Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA

Deep--inelastic scattering events with a leading baryon have been detected by the H1 experiment at HERA using a forward proton spectrometer and a forward neutron calorimeter. Semi--inclusive cross sections have been measured in the kinematic region 2 <= Q^2 <= 50 GeV^2, 6.10^-5 <= x <= 6.10^-3 and baryon p_T <= MeV, for events with a final state proton with energy 580 <= E' <= 740 GeV, or a neutron with energy E' >= 160 GeV. The measurements are used to test production models and factorization hypotheses. A Regge model of leading baryon production which consists of pion, pomeron and secondary reggeon exchanges gives an acceptable description of both semi-inclusive cross sections in the region 0.7 <= E'/E_p <= 0.9, where E_p is the proton beam energy. The leading neutron data are used to estimate for the first time the structure function of the pion at small Bjorken--x.Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Eur. Phys.

Charmonium Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA

The electroproduction of J/psi and psi(2S) mesons is studied in elastic, quasi-elastic and inclusive reactions for four momentum transfers 2 Q^2 80 GeV^2 and photon-proton centre of mass energies 25 W 180 GeV. The data were taken with the H1 detector at the electron proton collider HERA in the years 1995 to 1997. The total virtual photon-proton cross section for elastic J/psi production is measured as a function of Q^2 and W. The dependence of the production rates on the square of the momentum transfer from the proton (t) is extracted. Decay angular distributions are analysed and the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse cross sections is derived. The ratio of the cross sections for quasi-elastic psi(2S) and J/psi meson production is measured as a function of Q^2. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical models based upon perturbative QCD. Differential cross sections for inclusive and inelastic production of J/psi mesons are determined and predictions within two theoretical frameworks are compared with the data, the non-relativistic QCD factorization approach including colour octet and colour singlet contributions, and the model of Soft Colour Interactions

The Nuclear Cap-Binding Complex Mediates Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA

In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, cross walls between individual cells are normally incomplete, making the entire fungal network vulnerable to attack by viruses and selfish DNAs. Accordingly, several genome surveillance mechanisms are maintained to help the fungus combat these repetitive elements. One of these defense mechanisms is called meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD), which identifies and silences unpaired genes during meiosis. Utilizing common RNA interference (RNAi) proteins, such as Dicer and Argonaute, MSUD targets mRNAs homologous to the unpaired sequence to achieve silencing. In this study, we have identified an additional silencing component, namely the cap-binding complex (CBC). Made up of cap-binding proteins CBP20 and CBP80, CBC associates with the 5′ cap of mRNA transcripts in eukaryotes. The loss of CBC leads to a deficiency in MSUD activity, suggesting its role in mediating silencing. As confirmed in this study, CBC is predominantly nuclear, although it is known to travel in and out of the nucleus to facilitate RNA transport. As seen in animals but not in plants, CBP20’s robust nuclear import depends on CBP80 in Neurospora. CBC interacts with a component (Argonaute) of the perinuclear meiotic silencing complex (MSC), directly linking the two cellular factors

Qualidade física do solo em pomar de laranjeira no noroeste do paraná com manejo da cobertura permanente na entrelinha Soil physical quality in an orange orchard in northwestern parana as affected by groundcover management

O tráfego de máquinas e a compactação do solo ocorrem próximo à copa das plantas de citros, aumentando as restrições físicas do solo ao crescimento das raízes. Estratégias de manejo incluem o uso de coberturas permanentes do solo nas entrelinhas de pomares de laranjeira, mas são desconhecidos os seus efeitos na qualidade física do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar o impacto de sistemas de manejo com cobertura permanente do solo em alguns indicadores de qualidade física do solo em um pomar de laranjeira. O estudo foi realizado em um experimento de longa duração de laranjeira 'Pêra' sobre limoeiro 'Cravo' com sistemas de cobertura permanente do solo nas entrelinhas, no município de Alto Paraná, noroeste do Paraná, em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico latossólico, com horizonte superficial de textura arenosa. Os tratamentos de cobertura permanente nas entrelinhas com a gramínea mato-grosso ou batatais (Paspalum notatum) manejada com roçada e a leguminosa amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) foram comparados ao manejo tradicional, em que a vegetação espontânea foi dessecada com herbicida pós-emergente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de bloco ao acaso com três repetições. Em maio de 2003, a amostragem de solo foi realizada sob rodado e entrerrodado das máquinas nas entrelinhas do pomar. As amostras indeformadas de solo obtidas no centro da camada de 0-15 cm de profundidade foram utilizadas para determinação dos seguintes indicadores: conteúdo de água na capacidade de campo, porosidade total do solo e densidade do solo, a partir dos quais foram estimados os indicadores capacidade de aeração do solo e capacidade de armazenamento de água do solo. Amostras de solo deformadas foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-5 e 10-15 cm de profundidade, para determinação dos teores de C orgânico do solo e cálculo da taxa de estratificação de C orgânico do solo. Os indicadores de qualidade do solo, capacidade de armazenamento de água do solo, capacidade de aeração do solo e taxa de estratificação de C orgânico do solo foram eficientes na avaliação de sistemas de manejo de solo em citros. A manutenção da vegetação das entrelinhas vegetadas com a gramínea mato-grosso ou batatais melhora a qualidade física do solo, independentemente das posições rodado e entrerrodado. A qualidade física do solo é afetada negativamente na posição rodado sob o manejo com amendoim forrageiro e nas posições rodado e entrerodado no manejo tradicional da vegetação espontânea com herbicida pós-emergente.<br>The traffic of agricultural machinery and soil compaction occur near the canopy of citrus trees, which increases soil physical restrictions to root growth. Soil management strategies include the use of permanent groundcover in the interrows of orange tree plantations, although the effects of these practices on the soil physical quality are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of groundcover management systems on some indicators of soil physical quality for orange tree orchards. The study was performed in a long-term experiment with 'Pêra' orange grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime combined with groundcover systems, established in 1993, in the Alto Paraná county, northwestern Paraná state, Brazil, in a Typic Paleudult with a sandy surface horizon. Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) or perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi) groundcover treatments were compared with the usual management in which weeds are controlled by post-emergence herbicide. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three replications. In May 2003, soil samples were collected from under and between the wheel tracks. The following indicators were assessed in undisturbed soil samples from the mid 0-15 cm layer: water content at field capacity, total porosity and bulk density. The data were used to estimate soil aeration and water storage capacity indicators. Disturbed soil samples were collected in the 0-5 cm and 10-15 cm depths to measure the organic carbon content and calculate the soil organic carbon stratification ratio. The soil aeration capacity, water storage capacity and organic carbon stratification ratio were efficient indicators to evaluate groundcover management systems in citrus. Bahiagrass maintained better soil physical conditions both under and between wheel tracks. The soil physical quality was negatively affected under the wheel tracks on perennial peanut groundcover and under the wheel tracks and between tracks on the usual control of spontaneous vegetation with post-emergence herbicide