Identification of Putative SNP Markers Associated with Resistance to Egyptian Loose Smut Race(s) in Spring Barley

Loose smut (LS) disease is a serious problem that affects barley yield. Breeding of resistant cultivars and identifying new genes controlling LS has received very little attention. Therefore, it is important to understand the genetic basis of LS control in order to genetically improve LS resistance. To address this challenge, a set of 57 highly diverse barley genotypes were inoculated with Egyptian loose smut race(s) and the infected seeds/plants were evaluated in two growing seasons. Loose smut resistance (%) was scored on each genotype. High genetic variation was found among all tested genotypes indicating considerable differences in LS resistance that can be used for breeding. The broad-sense heritability (H2) of LS (0.95) was found. Moreover, genotyping-bysequencing (GBS) was performed on all genotypes and generated in 16,966 SNP markers which were used for genetic association analysis using single-marker analysis. The analysis identified 27 significant SNPs distributed across all seven chromosomes that were associated with LS resistance. One SNP (S6_17854595) was located within the HORVU6Hr1G010050 gene model that encodes a protein kinase domain-containing protein (similar to the Un8 LS resistance gene, which contains two kinase domains). A TaqMan marker (0751D06 F6/R6) for the Un8 gene was tested in the diverse collection. The results indicated that none of the Egyptian genotypes had the Un8 gene. The result of this study provided new information on the genetic control of LS resistance. Moreover, good resistance genotypes were identified and can be used for breeding cultivars with improved resistance to Egyptian LS

Iris Recognition System Using Convolutional Neural Network

Identification system is one of the important parts in security domains of the present time. The traditional protection methods considered to be inefficient and unreliable as they are subjected to the theft, imitation or forgetfulness. In contrast, biometrics such as facial recognition, fingerprints and the retina have emerged as modern protection methods, but still also suffer from some defects and violations. However, Iris recognition is an automated method that considered as a promising biometric identification due to the stability and the uniqueness of its patterns. In this paper, an iris recognition system based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was proposed. CNN is used to perform the required processes of feature extraction and classification. The proposed system was evaluated through CASIA-V1 and ATVS datasets, after the required pre-processing steps taken place, and achieved 98% and 97.83% as a result, respectively

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

AGING EFFECT ON MÖSSBAUER SPECTRUM OF COPROLITE

La technique de l'effet Mössbauer a été utilisée pour l'étude d'échantillons de coprolite (bouse fossile), provenant d'horizons géologiques différents du désert nord-est de l'Egypte. Des phénomènes de relaxation sont observés dans les spectres, en relation systématique avec la profondeur de l'horizon d'origine, c.a.d. l'âge de l'échantillon. Ceci confirme l'existence de relation entre la taille des particules et l'effet de vieillissement.The Mössbauer Effect (ME) technique was applied to study coprolite (fossil dung) samples from different geological horizons in the North-Eastern Desert of Egypt. Relaxation phenomena were observed in the spectra which is in a systematic relation with the depth of the horizon, i.e., the age of the sample. This supported the existence of a relation between the particle size of the iron oxide and the aging effect

MÖSSBAUER EFFECT STUDY OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OCCURRING TO IRON IN FOSSILIZED BONES

On a appliqué la spectrométrie Mössbauer à l'étude des formes du fer dans des os fossilisés de la formation phosphatique de l'oasis Dakhla en Egypte ; les transformations physicochimiques ont été également étudiées. Les résultats indiquent que le mécanisme de minéralisation et de transformation est plus compliqué que ce que l'on pensait auparavant, avec en particulier l'existence de plus d'une forme du fer. Chacune de ces formes passerait par plus de deux stades de transformation avant d'atteindre l'état final α-Fe2O3, caractétistique de tous les fossiles d'origine méditerranéenne.Mössbauer effect spectroscopy is applied to investigate the iron forms present in fossilized bones from the phosphatic formation at Dakhla Oasis in Egypt, and to study the physiochemical transformations occurring to these iron forms. The results showed a more complicated mechanism of mineralization and transformations than that of the previously studied plant and invertebrate fossils from the same region, where more than one iron form are identified in the spectrum of each sample. Each of these forms had passed through more than two stages before it was transformed to the final iron form (α-Fe2O3) characteristic of all fossils from the Mediterranean Sea region

ESTIMATION OF NATURAL RADIATION DOSE AND OF THE AGE OF ANCIENT POTTERY BY MÖSSBAUER EFFECT

On a étudié par spectrométrie Mössbauer les effets d'irradiation radioactive sur des potteries égyptiennes d'âge connu. On a établi une relation empirique donnant le rapport relatif des fractions magnétiques et non magnétiques. On suggère d'utiliser cette relation pour dater des potteries anciennes, ce qui constituerait une application nouvelle de la spectrométrie Mössbauer en archéologie.The effect of natural radioactive radiation on the Mössbauer Effect (ME) spectra of ancient Egyptian pottery samples of known age has been studied. An empirical relation between the intensity ratio of the non-magnetic peaks and the dose has been established. It is suggested that this relation can be used for dating of ancient potteries as a new application of the ME spectroscopy in archaeology

MÖSSBAUER STUDY OF CHANGES IN CLAYS DURING FIRING

Des expériences de cuisson réalisées sur des argiles du Nil révèlent des variations dans les intensités du Fe2+ et du Fe3+ ainsi que des composantes magnétiques qui dépendent de la température de cuisson.Firing experiments performed on Nile clay show variations in intensities of Fe2+, Fe3+ and magnetic components depending on firing temperature

استخدام ظاهرة موسباور لدراسة توزيع الايونات الموجبة في مجموعة الفريت كدس كو1س ح 2 أ 4 وتأثير هذا التوزيع على ميل المجال الكهربي حول نواة ذرة الحديد

In the ferrite system Cd,Co,_x Fe; 04 (X=0.0, O.I, 0.2, ....... , 1.0). it was found that the introduction of Co2'1' decrease the EFG at the octahedral B-site. This was attributed to the distributions of the different cations among the tetrahedral A and the octahedral B-sites. These distributions were completely calculated and found to follow four different formulas along the whole series of the system.استخدمت في هذا البحث ظاهرة موسباور لدراسة التوزيع الكامل للأنواع المختلفة من الأيونات الموجبة لمجموعة فريت الأسبنل كدس كو 1س ح2 أ4 كيفيا وكميا داخل التجويف رباعي التآزر (أ) والتجويف ثماني التآزر (ب ) ووجد أن هذا التوزيع يتبع أربعة قوانين مختلفة كل واحد منها يمكن تطبيقه على بعض أعضاء المجموعة طبقا لنسبة وجود الكادميوم في الفريت . ولقد ثبت من دراسة ميل المجال الكهربي حول نواة الحديد لكل فريت من المجموعة ، أي عند تغيير تركيز الكادميوم بالنسبة إلى الكوبالت ، ثبت أن ميل المجال الكهربي يقل عند التجويف ثماني التآزر بزيادة نسبة وجود الكوبالت . هذا ولقد تم توضيح سبب هذا التأثير على ضوء التوزيع الكامل للأيونات الموجبة . ولقد ثبت من دراسة ميل المجال الكهربي حول نواة الحديد لكل فريت من المجموعة ، أي عند تغيير تركيز الكادميوم بالنسبة إلى الكوبالت ، ثبت أن ميل المجال الكهربي يقل عند التجويف ثماني التآزر بزيادة نسبة وجود الكوبالت . هذا ولقد تم توضيح سبب هذا التأثير على ضوء التوزيع الكامل للأيونات الموجبة