Equivalence in bilingual lexicography: criticism and suggestions*

A reminder of general problems in the formation of terminology, as illustrated by the German Äquivalence (Eng. equivalence) and äquivalent (Eng. equivalent), is followed by a critical discussion of the concept of equivalence in contrastive lexicology. It is shown that especially the concept of partial equivalence is contradictory in its different manifestations. Consequently attempts are made to give a more precise indication of the concept of equivalence in the metalexicography, with regard to the domain of the nominal lexicon. The problems of especially the metalexicographic concept of partial equivalence as well as that of divergence are fundamentally expounded. In conclusion the direction is indicated to find more appropriate metalexicographic versions of the concept of equivalence. Keywords: equivalence, lexicographic equivalent, partial equivalence, congruence, divergence, convergence, polydivergence, syntagm-equivalence, zero equivalence, correspondenc

Über Zugriffspfade in Printwörterbüchern. Ein Beitrag zur Schnittstelle von Benutzungshandlungen und Wörterbuchform

Nach der Einführung der terminologischen Adjektive adkurrent, inkur-rent, binnenkurrent und exkurrent sowie einer Reihe von lexikographietheoretischen Begrifflichkei-ten werden Zugriffspfade z.T. anhand von Beispielen erklärt und zahlreiche Zugriffspfadtypen unterschieden. Eine grundlegende Unterscheidung ist die zwischen äußeren und inneren Zugriffs-pfaden; bei den äußeren Zugriffspfaden werden einfache und zusammengesetzte äußere Zugriffs-pfade, bei den einfachen Zugriffspfaden mediostrukturelle und nichtmediostrukturelle äußere Zu-griffspfade differenziert; weiterhin werden bei den mediostrukturellen binnenkurrente, verzeich-nisexkurrente und wörterbuchexkurrente äußere Zugriffspfade unterschieden, sowie bei den nicht-mediostrukturellen Zugriffspfaden die adkurrenten, binnenkurrenten und wörterbuchexkurrenten äußeren Zugriffspfade. Der Beitrag stellt insgesamt begriffliche Differenzierungen und eine dazu-gehörige Terminologie zur Verfügung, mit deren Hilfe die Datenakzessivität von Printwörter-büchern systematisch evaluiert und geplant sowie ihr mediostrukturelles Profil systematisch dargestellt werden kann. Stichwörter: ADKURRENTER ÄUßERER ZUGRIFFSPFAD, AKZESSIVE ANGABE, ÄUßERE ZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, ÄUßERES ZUGRIFFSTEXTELEMENT, BINNENKURRENTER ÄUßERER ZUGRIFFSPFAD, DATENAKZESSIVITÄT, EINTRAGSEINGANG, EXKURRENTER ÄUSSERER ZUGRIFFSPFAD, EXTERNE VERWEISBEFOLGUNGSHANDLUNG, EXTERNE ZU-GRIFFSHANDLUNG, INKURRENTER ÄUSSERER ZUGRIFFSPFAD, INNERE ZUGRIFFS-STRUKTUR, MEDIOSTRUKTURELLE ORIENTIERUNG, ORDNUNGSSTRUKTUR, VERWEIS-VERMITTELNDES TEXTSEGMENT, ZUSAMMENGESETZTER ÄUSSERER ZUGRIFFSPFA

On the lexicographical description of equivalent open class expressions

The contribution proceeds from the assumption that linguistic equivalence is already determined, and therefore only deals with questions of the lexicographical description of equiva-lent open class expressions in completely condensed dictionary articles in bilingual printed dic-tionaries, with the purpose of establishing a notion of lexicographical equivalence. Firstly, the most important differences between non-condensed, partially condensed and completely condensed dictionary articles are explained. In completely condensed dictionary articles, which are not natural language texts, addressing relationships are present. These relationships have a vital role in the lexicographical description of equivalent open class expressions. They are, therefore, explained in more detail. A further assumption for the development of a notion of lexicographical equivalence is the notion of semantic-pragmatic equivalence, which is therefore introduced briefly. Next, there is a stepwise development, by means of examples, of what one can understand by the notion of lexi-cographical equivalence. The developed notion of lexicographical equivalence can on the one hand form the point of departure for the lexicographical textualisation of semantic-pragmatic equiva-lence, and on the other hand it takes into consideration that the linguistic equivalence relationship has to be inferred first by the user-in-action by means of complex results of lexicographical textu-alisation. The developed notion of lexicographical equivalence presents a firm foundation for the optimisation of the presentation of lexicographical equivalence. Keywords: addressing, semantic-pragmatic equivalence, lexicograph-ical equivalence, lexicographical text condensation, condensed dic-tionary article

Reflections on the mediostructure in special-field dictionaries. also according to the example of the dictionary for lexicography and dictionary research

The central question posed in this contribution is: What constitutes the difference between a special-field dictionary article giving a cross-reference with a fixed textual reference position on the one hand, and a special-field dictionary article giving a cross-reference without a fixed reference position on the other, with regard to systematic cross-referencing? Because this very special type of question can only be answered systematically with reference to a theory of the mediostructure, some necessary terms are firstly introduced by means of illustrative analyses of special-field dictionary articles giving cross-references, such as e.g. homogeneously externally orientated dictionary article, heterogeneously externally orientated dictionary article, item identifying the starting- point of the reference, item giving the reference, item giving a reference marker, mediostructural article network, the user’s pre-knowledge relevant to the reference, position-bound reference, item-bound reference, single and expanded domain for the starting-point for the reference, mediostructural selection and many more. On the basis of various analyses of different special-field dictionary articles with variable and fixed reference positions, a picture evolves which comes close to the situation where the question at the beginning of the contribution can be answered as follows: When the results of an appropriate mediostructural selection are presented by means of the application of the method of itembound reference in special-field dictionaries with a variable reference position, and also when this happens by means of the application of the method of position-bound reference in special-field dictionaries with a fixed reference position, it is possible in principle that a systematic reference orientated to the dictionary functions can result. It can continuously be established, however, that in special-field dictionary articles with a fixed reference position, there is a higher degree of wellconsidered reference practices. This can be explained in so far that, in special-field dictionary articles with a fixed reference position, the article form already takes into account a genuine feature of special-field knowledge which consists of being systematic coherent knowledge, and therefore a fixed reference position is provided, that means: not only defining and additional explanation is important in the formation of the article, but also the creation of connections which go beyond articles by means of references. Making references, therefore, is not a lexicographical action performed more or less concomitantly; rather, it obtains a relevant place because of being explicitly taken into account in the microstructural programme, and thus in the article form. Keywords: special-field dictionary article giving a cross-reference; mediostructure; fixed reference position; variable reference position; mediostructural selection; item-bound reference; position-bound referenc

A novel method for subjective picture quality assessment and further studies of HDTV formats

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final published article is available from the link below. Copyright @ IEEE 2008.This paper proposes a novel method for the assessment of picture quality, called triple stimulus continuous evaluation scale (TSCES), to allow the direct comparison of different HDTV formats. The method uses an upper picture quality anchor and a lower picture quality anchor with defined impairments. The HDTV format under test is evaluated in a subjective comparison with the upper and lower anchors. The method utilizes three displays in a particular vertical arrangement. In an initial series of tests with the novel method, the HDTV formats 1080p/50,1080i/25, and 720p/50 were compared at various bit-rates and with seven different content types on three identical 1920 times 1080 pixel displays. It was found that the new method provided stable and consistent results. The method was tested with 1080p/50,1080i/25, and 720p/50 HDTV images that had been coded with H.264/AVC High profile. The result of the assessment was that the progressive HDTV formats found higher appreciation by the assessors than the interlaced HDTV format. A system chain proposal is given for future media production and delivery to take advantage of this outcome. Recommendations for future research conclude the paper

Image interpolation using Shearlet based iterative refinement

This paper proposes an image interpolation algorithm exploiting sparse representation for natural images. It involves three main steps: (a) obtaining an initial estimate of the high resolution image using linear methods like FIR filtering, (b) promoting sparsity in a selected dictionary through iterative thresholding, and (c) extracting high frequency information from the approximation to refine the initial estimate. For the sparse modeling, a shearlet dictionary is chosen to yield a multiscale directional representation. The proposed algorithm is compared to several state-of-the-art methods to assess its objective as well as subjective performance. Compared to the cubic spline interpolation method, an average PSNR gain of around 0.8 dB is observed over a dataset of 200 images

Estimating total standing herbaceous biomass production with LANDSAT MSS digital data

Rangeland biomass data were correlated with spectral vegetation indices, derived from LANDSAT MSS data. LANDSAT data from five range and three other land use sites in Willacv and Cameron Counties were collected on October 17 and December 10, 1975, and on July 31 and September 23, 1976. The overall linear correlation of total standing herbaceous biomass with the LANDSAT derived perpendicular vegetation index was highly significant (r = 0.90**) for these four dates. The standard error of estimate was 722 kg/ha. Biomass data were recorded for two of these range sites for 8 months (March through October) during the 1976 growing season. Standing green biomass accounted for most of the increase in herbage, starting in June and ending about September and October. These results indicate that satellite data may be useful for the estimation of total standing herbaceous biomass production that could aid range managers in assessing range condition and animal carrying capacities of large and inaccessible range holdings

RascalC: A Jackknife Approach to Estimating Single and Multi-Tracer Galaxy Covariance Matrices

To make use of clustering statistics from large cosmological surveys, accurate and precise covariance matrices are needed. We present a new code to estimate large scale galaxy two-point correlation function (2PCF) covariances in arbitrary survey geometries that, due to new sampling techniques, runs $\sim 10^4$ times faster than previous codes, computing finely-binned covariance matrices with negligible noise in less than 100 CPU-hours. As in previous works, non-Gaussianity is approximated via a small rescaling of shot-noise in the theoretical model, calibrated by comparing jackknife survey covariances to an associated jackknife model. The flexible code, RascalC, has been publicly released, and automatically takes care of all necessary pre- and post-processing, requiring only a single input dataset (without a prior 2PCF model). Deviations between large scale model covariances from a mock survey and those from a large suite of mocks are found to be be indistinguishable from noise. In addition, the choice of input mock are shown to be irrelevant for desired noise levels below $\sim 10^5$ mocks. Coupled with its generalization to multi-tracer data-sets, this shows the algorithm to be an excellent tool for analysis, reducing the need for large numbers of mock simulations to be computed.Comment: 29 pages, 8 figures. Accepted by MNRAS. Code is available at http://github.com/oliverphilcox/RascalC with documentation at http://rascalc.readthedocs.io

Experimental investigation of the Soret effect in acetone/water and dimethylsulfoxide/water mixtures

The thermal diffusion behavior of acetone/water and dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)/water mixtures has been experimentally investigated by a transient holographic grating technique named thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering (TDFRS). For both systems a sign change of the Soret coefficient S(T) with varying water content has been predicted by simulations [C. Nieto Draghi et al., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 114503 (2005)]. The sign change of S(T) is confirmed by the experiment. Except for equimolar concentrations of acetone/water the agreement between the experimental and simulation data is reasonable