Emulated reactance and resistance by a SSSC incorporating energy storage device

Static Synchronous series compensator without energy storage device can exchange only reactive power with the network and can operate in limited operating range in two quadrants only. When energy storage device is connected at the DC bus of SSSC (SSSC – ES), it can also exchange real power with the network. Operating range of SSSC will be much broader and it covers all the four quadrants. However, emulated reactance and resistance by SSSC – ES is likely to affect the performance of a distance protection system. This paper presents a detailed model of an SMIB system with SSSC – ES. Injected voltage by SSSC – ES in all the four quadrants of operation is presented. Impact of operation of SSSC _ ES in different quadrants and various control strategies for SSSC – ES on impedance emulated by SSSC – ES during steady state condition and transient system disturbance is discussed.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MICROEMULSION CONTAINING NEEM SEED OIL

Objective: The objective of the present study was to formulate Microemulsion containing seed oil. Neem seed (Azadirachtaindica) oil was extracted from its seeds by the soxhlet apparatus. Acetone is used as a solvent. PEG 400 and Carbopol 940p was select as surfactant, co-surfactant and hydrogel thickening agent. Microemulsions were characterized for pH, viscosity, spreadability, in vitro drug transport study and in vivo antibacterial activity and shows satisfactory results. Antibacterial activity of formulation against E. coli Shows at a concentration of 3%. The neem seed oil microemulsion has the potential for antibacterial activity. Methods: A ratio of surfactant and cosurfactant i.e, S/CoSchoosen and corresponding mixture was made. The mixture was mixed with oil. Each mixture was mixed thoroughly using magnetic stirrer until homogenous dispersion/solution was obtained. Double distilled water was used in this formulations as to prevent the incorporation of surface active impurities. The mixture was titrated with water and ambient temperature with constant stirring at the endpoint where the mixture become clouded, the quantity of aquous phase added. The percentage of three different pseudo-phases incorporated were calculated.  Results: Solubility studies in various solvents reveals that the oil is insoluble in distilled water and ethanol. Soluble in methanol. Conclusion: It was observed that the microemulsion having multilamellar nature. Batches with carbopol shows better homogenous distribution. The stability of microemulsion prepared with carbopol 71 was gretter than with xanthan gum. The in vitro study of microemulsion was performed and Batch (F7) is optimized batch which shows highest drug release

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LIPOSOMAL GEL CONTAINING EXTRACT OF PIPRINE

Objective: The objective of present research work is to develop Liposomes as a carrier system for 70% Hydroalcoholic extract, its incorporation in to gel formulations and to characterize the prepared and develop Liposomal gel formulation. There are many reports revealing the pharmacological potential of Piper Nigrum. Methods: Cholestrol in various weight ratios were dissolved in 10 ml of Methanol: Chloroform (1:1) ratio used as a solvent. The extract solution was taken in a 500 ml round bottom flask. The flask was rotated in rotary flash evaporator at 40 rpm for 20 min in the thermostatically controlled water bath at 40 °C under vacuum 240 mmHg. The solvent was slowly removed by this process, and a very thin film of dry lipids was formed on the flask. The dry lipid film was slowly hydrated with 10 ml of Saline Phosphate Buffer pH 7.4 containing Insulin Drug. The flask was once again rotated at the same speed as before and at room temperature for 2 hr. The liposomal was left to overnight at 4°C, full lipid hydration. Results: This study was done for herbal formulations used for topical delivery of therapeutic agents at the time of injury to accelerate skin repair in the shortest time possible, with minimal pain. Plant Piper Nigrum. Family Piperaceac is extensively used. Conclusion: The present study revealed liposomal gel as an efficient carrier for herbal extract. Keywords: Piperine, Gel, Herbal extract, Liposomes, Liposomal gel

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CRACK CREAM FROM PLANT EXTRACTS

Objective: The main aim of our research was to develop an anti-cracked heels cream formulation consisting of Hedychium Spicatum, Aloe barbadensis, Azadirachta indica for the treatment of cracked heels. Methods: An anti-cracked heels cream formulation consisting of Hedychium Spicatum, Aloe barbadensis, Azadirachta indica extracts was prepared. Microbiological studies were performed the safety of materials used in the formulation. Results: The developed cream consisting of Hedychium Spicatum, Aloe barbadensis, Azadirachta indica was found to be safe and effective for the treatment of cracked heels. Conclusion: It can be concluded that herbal creams without side effects having anti-inflammatory property can be used as the provision of a barrier to protect the skin

Impact of Capital Budgeting Decision on Profitability of Firm – Selected Listed Automobile Companies in India

Purpose: Profitability plays an important function in the business operations and determines the value by which a business is held. The study set to investigate the impact of capital budgeting decisions on profitability of Automobile firms. Capital budgeting particularly addressed five areas of the study that included capital budgeting decisions (acquisition of long-term assets, replacement of long-term assets, investment appraisal techniques, outsourcing expenditure and working capital decisions) had a biggest and significant effect on profitability of the organizations.   Methodology: This study basically involved survey of the Automobile Companies listed in NSE in India. Any business that seeks to invest its resources in a project without understanding the risks and returns involved would be held as irresponsible by its owners or shareholders. This study considered 10 companies are taken from Automobile sectors, which is listed in NSE. Correlation and paired T test were used.   Findings: This study basically involved survey of the Automobile Companies listed in NSE in India.The findings set up that there was relationship between the independent variables of capital budgeting decisions and profitability. The study was examined the outcome of capital budgeting Impact on profitability of listed firms in India. The independent variables for the study were Capital Budgeting and Profitability.   Research implications:  it is evident that Maruti and Tata Motors produced positive and statistically significant values for this study (high t-values (12.37 and 11.26), p =0.00) respectively. Eicher Motor resulted a Lowest but insignificant values (t= 2.11, p = 0.07).   Originality/Outcome: The study found that positive impact of capital budgeting on profitability of the firms under the study

Anticonvulsant activity of nitrendipine in albino mice

Background: The objective is to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of nitrendipine in seizure-induced mice.Methods: Albino mice (25-30 g) of either sex were randomly selected and divided into four groups of six mice each. After overnight fasting, Group I received 0.25 ml of propylene glycol and served as the control, Group II received valproic acid (110 mg/kg orally) as standard, Groups III received 5 mg/kg of nitrendipine and 100 mg/kg of valproic acid, Group IV received 5 mg/kg of nitrendipine and 75 mg/kg of valproic acid, and Group V received 5 mg/kg of nitrendipine and 50 mg/kg of valproic acid all of which were administered orally 60 mins prior to the test in this acute study. The anticonvulsant activity was screened using maximal electroshock (MES) model and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model.Results: The nitrendipine showed a considerable reduction in the duration of hindlimb extensor phase in MES model and also delayed the latency of seizures induced by PTZ when compared with control group. The probable mechanism of anticonvulsant action of nitrendipine could be due to its interference with the gamma amino butyric acid type aminergic mechanism, modulation of nicotinic, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.Conclusion: Nitrendipine possesses the anticonvulsant activity and has a beneficial role in epilepsy

Interaction of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) Ligands with Parallel Intermolecular G-Quadruplex Complex Using Spectroscopy and ESI-MS

Studies on ligand interaction with quadruplex DNA, and their role in stabilizing the complex at concentration prevailing under physiological condition, has attained high interest. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and spectroscopic studies in solution were used to evaluate the interaction of PBD and TMPyP4 ligands, stoichiometry and selectivity to G-quadruplex DNA. Two synthetic ligands from PBD family, namely pyrene-linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine hybrid (PBD1), mixed imine-amide pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer (PBD2) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP4) were studied. G-rich single-stranded oligonucleotide d(5′GGGGTTGGGG3′) designated as d(T2G8), from the telomeric region of Tetrahymena Glaucoma, was considered for the interaction with ligands. ESI-MS and spectroscopic methods viz., circular dichroism (CD), UV-Visible, and fluorescence were employed to investigate the G-quadruplex structures formed by d(T2G8) sequence and its interaction with PBD and TMPyP4 ligands. From ESI-MS spectra, it is evident that the majority of quadruplexes exist as d(T2G8)2 and d(T2G8)4 forms possessing two to ten cations in the centre, thereby stabilizing the complex. CD band of PBD1 and PBD2 showed hypo and hyperchromicity, on interaction with quadruplex DNA, indicating unfolding and stabilization of quadruplex DNA complex, respectively. UV-Visible and fluorescence experiments suggest that PBD1 bind externally where as PBD2 intercalate moderately and bind externally to G-quadruplex DNA. Further, melting experiments using SYBR Green indicate that PBD1 unfolds and PBD2 stabilizes the G-quadruplex complex. ITC experiments using d(T2G8) quadruplex with PBD ligands reveal that PBD1 and PBD2 prefer external/loop binding and external/intercalative binding to quadruplex DNA, respectively. From experimental results it is clear that the interaction of PBD2 and TMPyP4 impart higher stability to the quadruplex complex

Harnessing Sorghum Landraces to Breed High-Yielding, Grain Mold-Tolerant Cultivars With High Protein for Drought-Prone Environments

Intermittent drought and an incidence of grainmold disease are the twomajor constraints affecting sorghum production and productivity. The study aimed at developing drought-tolerant sorghum varieties possessing a high protein content and tolerance to grain mold with stable performance using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot methods. Systematic hybridization among the 11 superior landraces resulted in subsequent pedigree-based breeding and selection from 2010 to 2015 evolved 19 promising varieties of grains such as white, yellow, and brown pericarp grains. These grain varieties were evaluated for their adaptability and stability for yield in 13 rainfed environments and for possessing tolerance to grain mold in three hot spot environments. A variety of yellow pericarp sorghum PYPS 2 (3,698 kg/ha; 14.52% protein; 10.70 mg/100 g Fe) possessing tolerance to grain mold was identified as a stable variety by using both AMMI and GGE analyses. Four mega-environments were identified for grain yield and fodder yield. Sorghum varieties PYPS 2, PYPS 4, PYPS 8, and PYPS 11 were highly stable in E2 with a low grain mold incidence. Besides meeting the nutritional demand of smallholder farmers under dryland conditions, these varieties are suitable for enhancing sorghum productivity under the present climate change scenario

Hybrid pigeonpea: best bet for maximizing productivity in dry lands

Pigeonpea is a hardy, widely adapted, drought tolerant crop and an integral component of cropping systems of small and marginal farmers of SAT regions of the globe. The global pigeonpea area, production and yield is approximately 6.23 mha, 4.74 MT and 762.4 kg ha -1 respectively (FAOSTAT 2015). Inflated market prices coupled with stagnant productivity have created a substantial demand supply gap. This alerted breeders to break the yield plateau by harnessing the inherent heterotic potential, as no further horizontal increase in area under pigeonpea was possible. Yield advantage in maize, rice, wheat and grain sorghum through hybrid technology triggered the adaptance of the latter in pigeonpea. As hand emasculation and pollination was not commercially feasible, male sterile lines became imperative for utilization of available natural out-crossing in pigeonpea. Thus, the first pigeonpea hybrid ICPH 8 was developed using GMS source in 1991, followed by PPH4, CoH1, AKPH4104 and AKPH2022.Though the bottlenecks of GMS system led to the development of the first CMS- based pigeonpea hybrid GTH-1 the first commercial CMS hybrid was ICPH 267. It has greater root mass, depth and ability to draw moisture from deeper soil profiles. Its fast root growth also helps in overcoming short spells of early season drought that is often encountered in July-sown rainfed crops. Hybrids have recorded 20% to 30% yield advantage over existing varieties and seed production technology has been standardized for large-scale production of commercial hybrids. SSR based hybrid purity assessment kits are also developed for testing GOT. The hydraulic characteristics of pigeonpea roots is an interesting asset for both nutrient and water uptake. In this context, hybrid pigeonpea is the best bet for maximizing dryland productivity